Abstract: From the perspective of sociological field theory, this article systematically examines the evolutionary logic and internal driving forces underlying both global and China's voluntary blood donation systems. Blood donation and transfusion are conceptualized as a dynamic "organizational field" comprising multiple actors, including blood establishments, medical institutions, the state, international organizations, donors, and recipients. The article delves into the operation of various forms of "capital" (institutional, organizational, symbolic) and the formation of "habitus" within this field, beyond merely describing its structure. The prevailing "rules of the game", power dynamics, and institutional logics within this field profoundly shape patterns and levels of blood donation behavior. Technological advancements, wartime demands, and blood contamination crises serve as pivotal events that catalyze structural transformations within the blood donation field. As a powerful actor, the state plays a critical role in shaping and regulating the field through legislative frameworks and public policies. Blood supply management constitutes a cornerstone of public health security and national security, with voluntary non-remunerated blood donation widely recognized as the internationally endorsed best practice. Nevertheless, the global blood donation system continues to confront multifaceted challenges, including population aging, shifting social attitudes, and disparities in regional development. To date, only a limited number of countries have achieved fully voluntary and non-remunerated blood donation systems. Incorporating empirical data from China's national blood donation reports, this article reveals new challenges such as declining donation rates in the post-pandemic era and significant regional disparities. Future research and policy efforts should move beyond individual-level psychological analyses of donor motivation and instead emphasize broader socio-political contexts and institutional embeddedness. In response to emerging challenges, China should strategically leverage its institutional strengths, particularly organized mobilization models such as group-based blood donation campaigns. This model is not merely a transition to the Western individual-based model but offers an important alternative for global blood safety governance. Through innovative approaches, such as constructing a multi-tiered symbolic capital system, cultivating donation habitus among youth, and optimizing data-sharing and coordination mechanisms, it is essential to reconstruct social trust and foster a sustainable blood donation culture within the evolving organizational field, thereby ensuring the long-term safety, stability, and national security of the national blood supply system.

Key words: Voluntary non-remunerated donation, Field theory, Capital, Habitus, Group blood donation, Blood supply management