The big data of unexpected red blood cell antibody and Rh blood group distribution in Chinese population shows that the proportion of anti-RhCE antibody (41.94%) is 4.7 times higher than that of anti-RhD antibody (8.93%) among unexpected antibodies in hospitalized patients. In random blood transfusion, the probability of RhCE antigen mismatch (25.16%) is 51.4 times higher than that of RhD antigen mismatch (0.49%). These data indicate that RhCE antigen mismatch is the main risk for Chinese transfusion patients, and establishing RhCE antigen matching transfusion strategies suitable for Chinese patients is crucial for transfusion safety.

Objective This survey aims to comprehensively and systematically analyze the positive rate of unexpected red cell antibodies and the distribution characteristics of specific antibodies in the Chinese population. This study aims to provide data support for screening unexpected antibodies and for determining the spectrum of cell antigen composition in China. Methods Research literature on unexpected antibodies in hospitalized patients and blood donors across 31 provinces and municipalities in China was searched in PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and other authoritative databases from 1981 to December 2023. The literature was screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, data extraction was performed, and a quality assessment was conducted. Results The positive rate of unexpected red cell antibodies in hospitalized patients was 0.47%. The rate in blood donors was 0.10%. The rate in hospitalized mothers was 0.71%. The rate in blood transfusion patients was 1.22%, and the rate in pregnant women was 0.91%. The positive rate in blood transfusion/pregnancy was 1.15%. The proportion of specific antibodies in hospitalized patients is in the following order: Rh>MNS>Lewis>Kidd>Duffy>Xg>ABO subtype>I>Diego>P>Kell>Lutheran>H; the proportion of specific antibodies in blood donors is in the following order: MNS>Rh>Lewis>P>ABO subtype>I>Kell>Kidd>Diego>Duffy>Lutheran>H; the proportion of specific antibodies in pregnant and postpartum women is in the following order: Rh>MNS>Lewis>Kidd>P>H>Duffy>I>Diego. The composition proportion of specific antibodies in hospitalized patients is in the following order: anti-E>anti-M>anti-D>anti-Ec>anti-Le^a>anti-C>anti-c>anti-Jk^a>anti-Ce>anti-Le^b, the composition proportion of specific antibodies in blood donors is in the following order: anti-M>anti-E>anti-P1>anti-D>anti-Le^a>anti-Le^b>anti-C>anti-N>anti-I>anti-A1; the composition proportion of specific antibodies in pregnant and postpartum women is in the following order: anti-E>anti-M>anti-D>anti-C>anti-Le^a>anti-Ec> anti-EC>anti-P1. Conclusion The positive rate of unexpected antibodies in hospitalized patients in China is significantly higher than that in blood donors, and the distribution characteristics of specific antibodies vary among different populations and regions.

Objective To evaluate the RBC transfusion demand of children with stage Ⅳ high-risk neuroblastoma undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT), as well as to identify increased or prolonged RBC transfusion requirement predictors. Methods This study was a single-center retrospective clinical study, and enrolled 96 children with stage Ⅳ high-risk neuroblastoma who underwent ASCT from January 2019 to May 2024 in our hospital. Relevant clinical data were collected and analyzed, including age, gender, body surface area, hemoglobin level of graft infusion day(d₀), prophylactic transfusion conditioning regimen, CD34⁺ stem cell dose, RBC transfusion requirements during transplantation, and time to transfusion independence, etc. Results All 96 (100%) children were transfused after ASCT. From d₀ to transfusion independence, median frequency for achieving RBC was 2 (1.25, 3), median of 2 (2,3) units of RBCs was given. RBC transfusions were relatively higher in pseudohealing stage (d₄~d₆) and polar stage (d₇~d₁₄), were 46.89% and 86.46%, respectively. Median times for achieving RBC transfusion independence was 10(8, 12) days. Multivariate analysis showed that Hb≤90 g/L on d₀, RBC transfusion within 1 week before ASCT and CD34⁺ stem cell dose<4.0×10⁶/kg were associated with significantly increased RBC requirements (P<0.05). Hb≤90 g/L on d₀ and CD34⁺ stem cell dose<4.0×10⁶/kg were associated with significantly entailed longer time until RBC independence (P<0.05). Effects of age, sex, blood group and pretreatment regimen were limited or insignificant (P>0.05). Conclusion This study for the first time provided quantitative RBC transfusion data after ASCT in pediatric stage Ⅳ high-risk neuroblastoma and identified Hb≤90 g/L on d₀ and CD34⁺ stem cell dose<4.0×10⁶/kg were factors predictive of increased transfusions and prolonged transfusion independence.

Objective Using PacBio third-generation sequencing technology to determine the haplotype genotypes of 17 blood samples exhibiting mixed vision in ABO blood group typing, with the aim of accurately identifying the ABO blood types. Methods The ABO phenotype was identified by immunoserological method. The ABO genotype was identified by PacBio Third-Generation sequencing technology. Results Seventeen specimens exhibited subtype characteristics in the immunological serology tests. The results of third-generation gene sequencing technology showed that nine of them were subtypes, including five cases of A1Bweak, two cases of cisAB, one case of Bweak, and one case of B(A). The remaining eight cases were non-subtypes, comprising six cases of A1B, one case of A1, and one case of B. Conclusion By combining serological tests with gene sequencing technology to determine the genotype, we can accurately identify blood types and improve the safety of clinical blood transfusions.

Objective To analyze the serological and molecular biological characteristics of Bweak subtype probands and their families, and to explore the molecular mechanism and genetic characteristics of Bw27 variant. Methods Serological methods were used to detect ABO blood group antigens and antibodies in the proband and family members. Further serological detection was conducted by absorption and elution. Fluorescence PCR was employed for genotyping, and the 6th and 7th exons of the ABO gene were amplified and sequenced. Results The proband's ABO serological test showed inconsistent in p forward and reverse typing, and the absorption and elution test detected weak B antigen on the proband's red blood cells, with a serological phenotype similar to Bel. The genotyping result was B/O1, and gene sequencing revealed a c.905A>G mutation in the 7th exon of the ABO gene, with a genotype of ABO*BW.27/ABO*O.01.01. Pedigree testing results showed that the proband's mother carried the ABO*BW.27 allele, consistent with familial genetic characteristics. Conclusion The c.905A>G mutation in the 7th exon of the ABO gene leads to the substitution of aspartic acid at position 302 with glycine, resulting in weak expression of B antigen, which is a characteristic mutations of ABO*BW.27 that can be distinguished from Bel by gene sequencing. A single nucleotide point mutations can cause specific changes in glycosyltransferase and can be inherited to produce specific serological phenotypes in offspring. Blood types should be comprehensively determined based on serological results with genotyping and DNA sequencing results.

Logic is a fundamental element of academic papers, significantly influencing their quality and the likelihood of successful submission. Present throughout every section of a paper, logic plays a crucial role—from clarifying concepts and constructing rigorous arguments to formulating valid conclusions. This article explores the essence of logical thinking and incorporates practical case studies to analyze key aspects such as concept clarity, argument rigor, scientific reasoning, and presentation standardization. By combining theoretical discussion with case analysis, the article highlights the pivotal role of logical rigor in determining the overall quality of academic papers. Enhancing logical reasoning skills, standardizing the argumentation process, ensuring consistency between premises and conclusions, and adopting concise and clear writing based on logical principles are essential strategies for improving a paper's credibility and scientific impact.

Blood collection and supply institutions, as critical public health entities for collecting and supplying l blood products, face occupational exposure risks to blood-borne pathogens during donor recruitment, physical examinations, blood collection, component preparation, and laboratory testing. This study focuses on the establishment and improvement of IPC mechanism by investigating the current status of infection prevention and control (IPC) management in these institutions, analyzing existing problems and vulnerabilities, drawing on healthcare facilities management models and experience. It has a positive role in standardizing and enhancing IPC measures in blood collection and supply institutions, aim to safeguard the safety of donors, staff and blood products.

Objective To explore the expression and localization of nucleic acid substances in red blood cells (RBCs). Methods Firstly, healthy human RBCs were selected as experimental samples (A549 nucleated cell line as control). Cellular chemical staining methods and in situ hybridization techniques were used to detect DNA and RNA, and to clarify the expression of nucleic acid substances in RBCs. Secondly, We extracted microvesicles (MVs) derived from RBCs and co-cultured them with the highly phagocytic mouse monocyte macrophage line RAW264.7 to detect the localization of RBC specific miRNA (miR-451a) in the receptor cell RAW264.7 by in situ hybridization staining. Results Our test results show that there are nucleic acid substances (DNA and RNA) in RBCs. And there exists miR-451a with high expression levels in RBCs, miR-451a in RBCs may enter the receptor cells via MVs. Conclusion The presence of nucleic acid substances in RBCs can be detected using cellular chemical staining methods and in situ hybridization techniques.

Objective This study aims to investigate the specific regulatory effect of miR-4454 on ZIKV replication and reveal its potential molecular mechanisms, providing new ideas and targets for the treatment of ZIKV infection. Methods Cells were transfected with miR-4454 mimics or inhibitors and subsequently infected with ZIKV. The expression of ZIKV NS5 mRNA and NS1 protein was measured using qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Bioinformatics tools were employed to predict potential target genes of miR-4454, focusing on the validation of LRPAP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein associated protein 1) as a downstream target. Following the transfection of LRPAP1 plasmid or si-LRPAP1 into cells, ZIKV infection was performed, and qRT-PCR was used to detect ZIKV NS5 mRNA and interferon-stimulated gene expression, while Western blotting assessed the levels of ZIKV NS1 protein, IFNAR1, and phosphorylated STAT1, to explore the effect of LRPAP1 expression changes on ZIKV replication and the Type Ⅰ interferon signaling pathway. Results Overexpression of miR-4454 in cells inhibited the replication of ZIKV NS5 mRNA and expression of NS1 protein. Bioinformatics prediction identified LRPAP1 as a potential target of miR-4454, which is related to viral infection and the Type Ⅰ interferon signaling pathway. Dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that LRPAP1 is a direct target of miR-4454. Overexpression of LRPAP1 promoted ZIKV replication and suppressed the Type Ⅰ interferon signaling pathway, while knockdown of LRPAP1 inhibited ZIKV replication and activated this signaling pathway. Conclusion miR-4454 modulates ZIKV infection through the intrinsic immune pathway, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target and providing new insights for the development of related treatment strategies.

Objective To develop a novel animal model of erythrocyte alloimmunity via an antigen engineering strategy, thus providing a foundational platform for investigating the immune response triggered by erythrocyte transfusion. Methods The model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) was specifically modified onto the surface of C57BL/6J mouse erythrocytes using ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) coupling technology to prepare antigen-engineered erythrocytes (RBC-OVA). Mice of the same strain were continuously transfused with RBC-OVA, and the adhesion and clearance processes of erythrocytes in the liver and spleen were dynamically tracked using two-photon in vivo imaging technology. Results The OVA antigen modification efficiency reached 99.5%, with no significant impact on erythrocyte morphology, hemolysis rate, or cell membrane surface markers (CD47, PS). After four transfusions, the anti-OVA IgG antibody concentration in the serum of the model mice significantly increased, and the antibody specifically bound to RBC-OVA. Upon re-infusion of OVA-modified red blood cells, the peripheral blood recovery rate was significantly lower than that of the control group, with rapid clearance observed in the liver and spleen. Conclusion This model effectively mimics the clinical red blood cell alloimmune response and provides a robust experimental platform for investigating the mechanisms underlying antibody-mediated transfusion failure and for developing targeted intervention strategies.

Objective This study aimed to establish a visualized tumor-bearing mouse model carrying ovalbumin (OVA) and evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. Methods A lentiviral vector expressing OVA and firefly luciferase (FLUC) genes was constructed via full-length gene synthesis and transduced into B16F10 melanoma cells to generate a stable tumor cell line. The established cells were intraperitoneally injected into C57BL/6J mice to develop an omental transplantation tumor model, with tumor progression monitored using small-animal in vivo imaging. Results Tumors predominantly formed metastatic foci in the omentum, and the number of inoculated tumor cells was significantly correlated with survival duration. OVA-specific DC vaccines were further prepared, revealing that mature DC vaccines markedly suppressed tumor growth, with complete tumor regression observed in some mice, whereas immature DC vaccines exhibited limited efficacy. Conclusion This study successfully established a visualized and quantifiable intraperitoneal omental transplantation tumor model in mice, demonstrating its utility for evaluating the anti-tumor effects of DC vaccines. This model provides a valuable platform for immunotherapy research.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the sterility test results of 410 599 blood component bags tested by Shanghai Blood Center, evaluate the occurrence and control of bacterial contamination in blood products in Shanghai, and provide a basis for developing detection strategies and preventive measures. Methods From January, 2017 to December, 2023, Shanghai Blood Center sampled blood components into bags, inoculated them into culture bottles, and used an automatic blood culture system for bacterial screening. Positive bacterial data were statistically analyzed and confirmed. Results The overall bacterial detection rate of three blood components from January 2017 to December 2023 was 0.22‰. A total of 91 bacterial samples were identified by MALDI-TOF MS, with 19 different types of bacteria detected. The most common bacteria in platelet components was Staphylococcus epidermidis (21 cases), while the least common were Bacillus Claudius, Streptococcus lactis, Bacteroides terrestris and Propionibacterium acnes, each detected once. Eight cases of Propionibacterium acnes were found in red blood cell components. Plasma components showed one case of Propionibacterium acnes and one case of Bacillus cereus. The longest positive culture time was Propionibacterium acnes (87.5 hours), and the shortest was Bacillus cereus (2.03 hours). The bacteria detected within 12 hours included Bacillus cereus, Lactococcus gasseri, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Within 12~24 hurs Staphylococcus epidermidis, Septicemia, Streptococcus lactis, Bacteroides terrestris and Proteus mirabilis were detected. Conclusion The use of an automated blood culture system for detecting bacterial contamination in blood components in Shanghai provided reliable data from large sample screenings. Anaerobic bacteria were primarily detected the blood components. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the main bacteria identified in platelets, and this study provides valuable reference for developing relevant standards and procedures for blood product sterility testing.

Objective The changes in the main functional components of human plasma-derived factor Ⅷ (FⅧ)products in China in recent years were analyzed to provide a reference for the development of plasma protein products, improvement of the preparation processes of plasma-derived FⅧ, and their clinical application. Methods Nine commercially available FⅧ products (A-I) from Chinese manufacturers were dissolved according to the instructions. Protein concentration was measured using the BCA method, FⅧ activity was determined by a one-stage method, VWF activity and VWF antigen were assessed by immunoturbidimetry. The specific activity of FⅧ, the ratio of VWF:Ac/FⅧ:C and VWF:Ac/VWF:Ag were calculated and compared with products produced between 2015 and 2017 (a-g). The changes of main functional components of FⅧ were analyzed. Results The average FⅧ activity of product A-I was (20.70±2.06) IU/mL, showing no significant difference compared to previous products. The mean specific activity was (36.53±19.20) IU/mg, significantly higher than before (P<0.01). The average VWF:Ac/FⅧ:C was 0.43±0.12, indicating a significant decrease compared to previous products (P<0.000 1). The mean VWF:Ac/VWF:Ag was 0.70±0.16, also significantly lower than before (P<0.01). Compared with foreign product Wilate®, Chinese products exhibited significantly lower FⅧ specific activity (P<0.05) and VWF activity (P<0.000 1). Conclusion Currently, the purity of human plasma-derived FⅧ products in China exceeds the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition), and has significantly improved compared to the past. However, the quality of VWF activity has decreased making these products less suitable for treating von Willebrand disease (VWD). Compared with foreign products, human plasma-derived FⅧ products in China have a greater improvement in both FⅧ purity and VWF activity.

Objective To investigate the present situation of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) testing in blood collection and supply institutions across China and offer insights for decision-making by management authorities. Methods We conducted a literature review, and developed a survey questionnaire based on evidence-based practices. Electronic questionnaires were distributed to 51 blood collection and supply institutions across the country to gather information on ALT testing practices from January 2023 to September 2024. The collected data were systematically analyzed. Results All domestic blood collection and supply institutions have implemented the ALT screening project before blood donation, with a 100% coverage rate of ALT screening before blood donation. The main method for ALT testing before blood donation is dry chemical method (66.62%), while the main method for ALT testing after blood donation is rate method (82.35%). There are differences in the repeatability of the test results. Screening periods of unqualified ALT tests before blood donation varied, ranging from 1 day to 180 days, with a median period of 7 days. The voluntary recall rate after the the shielding period expired was low (39.22%). A significant number of blood donors were eliminated due to failed ALT tests, with nearly 225 000 individuals rejected across 51 institutions during the survey period. Conclusion The current ALT testing criteria exclude a large number of potential blood donors, resulting in unnecessary waste nationwide. Clinical research based on China's specific situation is needed to to evaluate the necessity of the ALT test, consider adjusting the ALT reference range, and optimize blood donation qualifications. Such measures could improve donor participation, reduce blood loss, and ensure the safety and stability of the national blood supply.

Objective To assess the miss detection rate (MDR) and frequency of the D variant among RhD negativeblood donors in Taiyuan. Methods From January 2013 to December 2021, 6 287 RhD negativeblood samples, initially screened, were collected. These samples were further confirmed using the tube antiglobulin test or microcolumn gel card method. RhD genotyping was done on the 17 specimens which showed discrepancies with previous testresults or the manufacturer's specifications for the primary screening reagent. By analyzing the number of D variant donors, blood donations and missed detections, the theoretical MDR and frequency of D variant were calculated in the RhD negativeblood samples from the primary screening. Results Between January 2013 and December 2021, the detection rate of D variant in the 6 287 RhD negative samples (including repeat donors) by preliminary screening was 5.36%（337/6 287）. Statistical analysis of 59 D variant blood donors who donated more than once revealed that theoretically, 5.37% of D variants were missed. Considering the MDR, the theoretical frequency of D variant in the RhD negative population from the preliminary screening was 7.68%. Conclusion Some D variant blood donors were missed in the conventional test. The theoretical MDR and frequency of D variant in the RhD negative samples by primary screening align more closely with the actual situation.

Objective To compare membrane proteins dynamics and pH changes between MAP-suspended washed RBCs and suspended RBCs to determine the optimal storage period for MAP-suspended washed RBCs. Methods Packed RBCs were equally divided into two groups: suspended RBCs and MAP-suspended washed RBCs. Membrane protein expression (CD47, CD55, CD59, CD147) and PS externalization rate, along with pH values, were measured on storage days 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Results The pH values of MAP-suspended washed RBCs were significantly lower than those of suspended RBCs at all timepoints (P<0.05). By day 35, MAP-suspended washed RBCs showed significantly reduced CD47, CD55, and CD59 expression (P<0.01), elevated PS externalization (P<0.01), and a non-significant decline in CD147. A significant correlation was observed between membrane protein changes and pH values (P<0.01). Conclusion The quality of MAP-suspended washed RBCs not inferior to that of suspended RBCs during short-term storage (≤21 days). It is recommended that the optimal storage period for MAP resuspended washed RBCs be 21 days to ensure the safety and efficacy of transfusion.

Objective To systematically analyze the risk factors of donation related vasovagal reaction (DRVR) in whole blood donors. Methods This study utilized databases such as PubMed and Web of Science to retrieve research data on the risk factors of DRVR in whole blood donors. Meta-analysis was done using RevMan5.4 software to process the data. Results A total of 24 relevant studies were in the analysis, involving 62 623 blood donors with DRVR. Meta-analysis revealed that first-time donors, female gender, age<25 years old, BMI<18.5, weight<55 kg, pulse rate > 90/min, estimated blood volume<3.5 L, fear emotion, recruitment blood donation and time after eating>4 h were significant risk factors for DRVR. Conclusion There are numerous risk factors for DRVR in blood donors. High risk population should be evaluated and screened in light of these factors, and timely interventions and nursing measures should be implemented to reduce the incidence of DRVR.

Objective Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arthropod-borne flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Recent commentaries regarding ZIKV routes of transmission describe a potential transmission by transfusion. The current approaches in use are low in diagnostic efficiency and coverage area of ZIKV infection. Hence, this study intended to drive the ZIKV infection detection to effectively adaptable for any small to medium-sized laboratory or field survey. Methods We established, optimized, and evaluated a colloidal gold test strip for detection of ZIKV RNA based on CRISPR/Cas13a combined with reverse-transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay (RT-RAA) technology. Results The strip detection of ZIKV RNA was established based on RT-RAA-CRISPR-Cas13a technology with a sensitivity of 4 copies/μL and a specificity of 100%. ZIKV RNA gradient concentration standards and clinical samples were effectively identified by this approach. The positive coincidence rate for ZIKV was 100%, while the negative coincidence rate was 100%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive agreement (PPA) and negative predictive agreement (NPA) values of Zika virus liquid plasma detection were 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusion We have developed rapid and portable RT-RAA-CRISPR/Cas13a-based strip of ZIKV RNA detection for patients. This study provides a visual and faster alternative to current PCR-based diagnosis for ZIKA infection.

Objective To investigate the treatment and the changes of T lymphocytes before and after transplantation in a child of immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial abnormal syndrome type 2 caused by the ZBTB24 gene mutation. Methods The clinical manifestations, laboratory indicators, genetic test results, the process of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, post-transplantation genetic verification results and follow-up were retrospectively analyzed. T lymphocytes and immunoglobulin before and after transplantation were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results This case is the first child with ICF syndrome type 2 in China to undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. After transplantation, granulocyte engraftment occurred at +11 d and platelet engraftment at +34 d. Laboratory tests at +70 days showed normal expression of IgA, IgG, and IgM. At +177 days, the absolute count of lymphocyte subsets indicated that T lymphocytes had returned to normal. The primary pulmonary infection was controlled, and the viral infection turned negative. No new infections were observed during one-year follow-up. Before transplantation, T lymphocytes count and immunoglobulin expression were significantly decreased, and returned to normal after transplantation. Conclusion The possibility of immunodeficiency caused by gene mutation should be considered for children with recurrent infection at early age, accompanied by facial abnormalities, growth and/or intellectual developmental delay. And timely ICF gene testing should be tested. For those with severe combined immunodeficiency, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should be performed as early as possible.

Objective To summarize the treatment experience of allogeneic platelet-rich plasma in patients with exposed opisthenar tendons caused by mannitol extravasation. Methods According to the patient's wound condition, the staged treatment protocol was formulated in patients. RuyiJinhuangsan was applied externally to reduce inflammation and relieve pain in the inflammatory response stage, nano silverion dressing was used to wound packing with the infection control stage to promote exudate drainage and strengthen local infection control, red light therapy can improve local blood circulation, accelerating the absorption of inflammatory substances and reducing pain, and allogeneic platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment was performed to promote wound healing in the wound tendon exposure stage. Results From October 21, 2022 to November 11, 2022, after three PRP applications, and the patient's wound healing time was greatly shortened. Conclusion Allogeneic PRP demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in accelerating wound healing for dorsal hand tendon exposure secondary to mannitol extravasation.

With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, the advancement of bioinformatics technology, transfer RNAderived small RNAshave received widespread attention as a novel type of non-coding small RNAs. Based on the differences in nuclease cleavage sites on tRNAs, tsRNAs can be classified into four major categories: tRNA-derived fragments, tRF-1, tRNA-derived stress-inducible small RNAs, other unclassified tsRNAs, each of which has a specific subcellular localization. Recent studies have revealed that tRNAs play important roles in embryonic development, cell fate, immune regulation, the development of many human diseases. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews the biological origin, classification of tsRNAs, the biological functions of tsRNAs, including gene expression regulation, translational regulation, epigenetic regulation, reverse transcriptional regulation, neonatal RNA silencing, explores the feasibility of tsRNAs as diagnostic markers, therapeutic targets for diseases

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a severe respiratory infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It can cause multiple system diseases beyond the respiratory system. The phenomenon of cold agglutination in blood can be seen in routine tests or crossmatching in some COVID-19 patients, and it has an increasing trend in the peak epidemic period. This is characterized by increased cold agglutinin titers and blood agglutination, and a few patients develop cold agglutinin syndrome and hemolytic reactions. The cold agglutinin can significantly affect blood routine parameters. A thorough understanding of the mechanism and characteristics of cold agglutination after SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the correction of test results from blood cold agglutination samples, can provide more accurate results for clinical practice. This article will review the relevant research progress on cold agglutination in blood during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Dengue fever caused by mosquito-borne viruses is spreading rapidly around the world, mainly in tropical, subtropical countries. In recent years, dengue fever has expanded epidemic trend in our country, now there are also studies showing that dengue fever can be transmitted through blood transfusion, which not only poses a serious threat to public health, but also poses a potential risk to the safety of blood transfusion. This article reviews the biological characteristics, epidemiology, transmission routes, clinical symptoms, detection methods, blood transfusion safety status, blood transfusion prevention, control strategies of dengue fever.