In May 2025, the Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies (AABB) and the International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines (ICTMG) jointly released the updated Guidelines for Platelet Transfusion. Based on 21 Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) and 13 high-quality observational studies, the guideline adopted the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system for evidence analysis, and established the "restrictive platelet transfusion strategy" as the core, aiming to promote the standardization and homogenization of global platelet transfusion practices. The guideline has a wide scope of application, covering different populations such as adults, children, and neonates, including patients with hematological diseases, stem cell transplant recipients, perioperative patients, dengue fever patients, and those undergoing invasive procedures. It sets minimal important differences (MIDs) thresholds for three key outcomes—mortality (2%), grade 2-4 bleeding (20%), and grade 3-4 bleeding (5%)—for evidence certainty grading. In terms of key recommendations, it clarifies strong recommendations with high/moderate certainty of evidence (e.g., transfusion for patients with non-bleeding thrombocytopenia undergoing chemotherapy or allogeneic stem cell transplantation when platelet count<10×10 ⁹/L; transfusion for neonates with consumptive thrombocytopenia without severe bleeding when count<25×10 ⁹/L; no transfusion for dengue fever patients without major bleeding, etc.) and conditional recommendations with low/very low certainty of evidence (e.g., conditional non-recommendation of prophylactic transfusion for adult patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation; conditional transfusion for adult patients undergoing central venous catheterization when count<10×10 ⁹/L, etc.). Meanwhile, it elaborates on common platelet transfusion reactions and their risks, such as allergic reactions, febrile reactions, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). By lowering transfusion thresholds and refining risk stratification, the guideline can reduce unnecessary transfusions and related adverse reactions, and alleviate the shortage of platelet resources. In the future, it is necessary to further supplement evidence-based evidence in fields such as cardiopulmonary bypass and interventional radiology, and explore technologies like in vitro induced differentiation of platelets and universal engineered platelets to optimize transfusion practices.

Aging is a multifactorial, system-wide process of functional decline and is a major risk factor for various chronic diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. In recent years, the use of blood and blood-derived products as potential anti-aging therapies has attracted considerable attention. Studies suggest that growth factors, cytokines, and small-molecule metabolites in young blood components exhibit significant tissue repair and anti-aging effects, promoting neurogenesis, enhancing cellular regeneration, and regulating metabolic homeostasis, thereby improving health in older individuals. Young plasma has been found to reverse neurological decline, improve cardiovascular function, reduce liver fibrosis, and enhance kidney function, showing anti-aging potential across various organs. Current clinical trials of young plasma focus on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, demonstrating safety and good tolerance in small-scale studies. However, the long-term efficacy and safety of this therapy remain to be validated, and ethical and resource considerations require careful evaluation. This review summarizes research progress on blood and blood-derived products as anti-aging therapies, with a focus on their regenerative effects on the nervous, cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal systems/organs, and consolidates findings from related clinical trials to support further clinical applications in anti-aging interventions.

Objective To establish a human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) line with doxycycline-inducible, stable over-expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and investigate how hTERT affects iPSC differentiation into megakaryocytes (MKs), as well as their proliferative capacity. Methods A doxycycline-inducible dual-vector encoding hTERT was transfected into human iPSCs. Stable clones were obtained via puromycin selection and single-colony expansion, and hTERT induction was verified by fluorescence microscopy, RT-qPCR, and Western blot. IPSCs differentiation into megakaryocytes was triggered by the spin-EB method; Flow cytometry, cell counting and microscopy were employed to assess the differentiation efficiency and proliferative capacity of hTERT-iPSCs, while ultrastructure, morphology and functional maturity of the generated megakaryocytes were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, Wright-Giemsa staining and immunofluorescence. Results We successfully established a Dox-inducible hTERT-iPSC stable line. After Dox induction in vitro, the GFP positivity rate, hTERT mRNA ( P<0.05), and protein expression of hTERT-iPSCs were significantly upregulated. The cells differentiated from hTERT-iPSCs could be continuously cultured for up to 35 days, but the GFP positivity rate decreased in a time-dependent manner. Advancing the timing of Dox induction to day 8 of in vitro differentiation significantly promoted cell proliferation ( P<0.001) and maintained hTERT expression ( P<0.01). Morphological and functional assessments revealed no significant differences in the size, typical organelles, or platelet-like particle release of megakaryocytes generated from hTERT-iPSCs. Conclusion hTERT promotes the megakaryocytic differentiation of iPSCs in vitro. Initiating Dox induction on day 8 of differentiation effectively enhances the long-term proliferation of iPSC-derived megakaryocytes while maintaining their mature morphological characteristics and functions. This strategy provides a robust and scalable platform for in vitro production of megakaryocytes and platelets.

The big data of unexpected red blood cell antibody and Rh blood group distribution in Chinese population shows that the proportion of anti-RhCE antibody (41.94%) is 4.7 times higher than that of anti-RhD antibody (8.93%) among unexpected antibodies in hospitalized patients. In random blood transfusion, the probability of RhCE antigen mismatch (25.16%) is 51.4 times higher than that of RhD antigen mismatch (0.49%). These data indicate that RhCE antigen mismatch is the main risk for Chinese transfusion patients, and establishing RhCE antigen matching transfusion strategies suitable for Chinese patients is crucial for transfusion safety.

Objective This survey aims to comprehensively and systematically analyze the positive rate of unexpected red cell antibodies and the distribution characteristics of specific antibodies in the Chinese population. This study aims to provide data support for screening unexpected antibodies and for determining the spectrum of cell antigen composition in China. Methods Research literature on unexpected antibodies in hospitalized patients and blood donors across 31 provinces and municipalities in China was searched in PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and other authoritative databases from 1981 to December 2023. The literature was screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, data extraction was performed, and a quality assessment was conducted. Results The positive rate of unexpected red cell antibodies in hospitalized patients was 0.47%. The rate in blood donors was 0.10%. The rate in hospitalized mothers was 0.71%. The rate in blood transfusion patients was 1.22%, and the rate in pregnant women was 0.91%. The positive rate in blood transfusion/pregnancy was 1.15%. The proportion of specific antibodies in hospitalized patients is in the following order: Rh>MNS>Lewis>Kidd>Duffy>Xg>ABO subtype>I>Diego>P>Kell>Lutheran>H; the proportion of specific antibodies in blood donors is in the following order: MNS>Rh>Lewis>P>ABO subtype>I>Kell>Kidd>Diego>Duffy>Lutheran>H; the proportion of specific antibodies in pregnant and postpartum women is in the following order: Rh>MNS>Lewis>Kidd>P>H>Duffy>I>Diego. The composition proportion of specific antibodies in hospitalized patients is in the following order: anti-E>anti-M>anti-D>anti-Ec>anti-Le ^a>anti-C>anti-c>anti-Jk ^a>anti-Ce>anti-Le ^b, the composition proportion of specific antibodies in blood donors is in the following order: anti-M>anti-E>anti-P1>anti-D>anti-Le ^a>anti-Le ^b>anti-C>anti-N>anti-I>anti-A1; the composition proportion of specific antibodies in pregnant and postpartum women is in the following order: anti-E>anti-M>anti-D>anti-C>anti-Le ^a>anti-Ec> anti-EC>anti-P1. Conclusion The positive rate of unexpected antibodies in hospitalized patients in China is significantly higher than that in blood donors, and the distribution characteristics of specific antibodies vary among different populations and regions.

Objective Using PacBio third-generation sequencing technology to determine the haplotype genotypes of 17 blood samples exhibiting mixed vision in ABO blood group typing, with the aim of accurately identifying the ABO blood types. Methods The ABO phenotype was identified by immunoserological method. The ABO genotype was identified by PacBio Third-Generation sequencing technology. Results Seventeen specimens exhibited subtype characteristics in the immunological serology tests. The results of third-generation gene sequencing technology showed that nine of them were subtypes, including five cases of A1Bweak, two cases of cisAB, one case of Bweak, and one case of B(A). The remaining eight cases were non-subtypes, comprising six cases of A1B, one case of A1, and one case of B. Conclusion By combining serological tests with gene sequencing technology to determine the genotype, we can accurately identify blood types and improve the safety of clinical blood transfusions.

With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, the advancement of bioinformatics technology, transfer RNAderived small RNAshave received widespread attention as a novel type of non-coding small RNAs. Based on the differences in nuclease cleavage sites on tRNAs, tsRNAs can be classified into four major categories: tRNA-derived fragments, tRF-1, tRNA-derived stress-inducible small RNAs, other unclassified tsRNAs, each of which has a specific subcellular localization. Recent studies have revealed that tRNAs play important roles in embryonic development, cell fate, immune regulation, the development of many human diseases. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews the biological origin, classification of tsRNAs, the biological functions of tsRNAs, including gene expression regulation, translational regulation, epigenetic regulation, reverse transcriptional regulation, neonatal RNA silencing, explores the feasibility of tsRNAs as diagnostic markers, therapeutic targets for diseases

Dengue fever caused by mosquito-borne viruses is spreading rapidly around the world, mainly in tropical, subtropical countries. In recent years, dengue fever has expanded epidemic trend in our country, now there are also studies showing that dengue fever can be transmitted through blood transfusion, which not only poses a serious threat to public health, but also poses a potential risk to the safety of blood transfusion. This article reviews the biological characteristics, epidemiology, transmission routes, clinical symptoms, detection methods, blood transfusion safety status, blood transfusion prevention, control strategies of dengue fever.

Blood collection and supply institutions, as critical public health entities for collecting and supplying l blood products, face occupational exposure risks to blood-borne pathogens during donor recruitment, physical examinations, blood collection, component preparation, and laboratory testing. This study focuses on the establishment and improvement of IPC mechanism by investigating the current status of infection prevention and control (IPC) management in these institutions, analyzing existing problems and vulnerabilities, drawing on healthcare facilities management models and experience. It has a positive role in standardizing and enhancing IPC measures in blood collection and supply institutions, aim to safeguard the safety of donors, staff and blood products.

As an essential substance for maintaining life activities and metabolic processes, oxygen plays an irreplaceable role in regulating physiological homeostasis and treating disease. The clinical field currently faces severe challenges such as blood supply shortages and transfusion-related infection risks, prompting researchers to develop safe and efficient artificial oxygen carriers (AOCs) as red blood cell substitutes. Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have gained significant attention in this context due to their oxygen-carrying capacity being similar to that of natural red blood cells. This makes them a key area of research in the development of alternative transfusion therapies. However, traditional HBOCs present challenges for clinical use due to their vasoconstrictive activity, oxidative stress toxicity, and short circulatory half-life. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled researchers to develop a new generation of HBOC nanomaterial systems using innovative strategies such as haemoglobin nano-encapsulation, surface functionalisation modification, and biomolecular conjugation. These novel carriers significantly overcome the limitations of traditional HBOCs and have promising applications in fields such as trauma emergency care, treatment of ischaemic diseases, and tumour oxygenation regulation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of research progress on HBOCs and nanomaterial-based HBOCs, analysing their advantages and challenges for future clinical applications.

Logic is a fundamental element of academic papers, significantly influencing their quality and the likelihood of successful submission. Present throughout every section of a paper, logic plays a crucial role—from clarifying concepts and constructing rigorous arguments to formulating valid conclusions. This article explores the essence of logical thinking and incorporates practical case studies to analyze key aspects such as concept clarity, argument rigor, scientific reasoning, and presentation standardization. By combining theoretical discussion with case analysis, the article highlights the pivotal role of logical rigor in determining the overall quality of academic papers. Enhancing logical reasoning skills, standardizing the argumentation process, ensuring consistency between premises and conclusions, and adopting concise and clear writing based on logical principles are essential strategies for improving a paper's credibility and scientific impact.

Objective The changes in the main functional components of human plasma-derived factor Ⅷ (FⅧ)products in China in recent years were analyzed to provide a reference for the development of plasma protein products, improvement of the preparation processes of plasma-derived FⅧ, and their clinical application. Methods Nine commercially available FⅧ products (A-I) from Chinese manufacturers were dissolved according to the instructions. Protein concentration was measured using the BCA method, FⅧ activity was determined by a one-stage method, VWF activity and VWF antigen were assessed by immunoturbidimetry. The specific activity of FⅧ, the ratio of VWF:Ac/FⅧ:C and VWF:Ac/VWF:Ag were calculated and compared with products produced between 2015 and 2017 (a-g). The changes of main functional components of FⅧ were analyzed. Results The average FⅧ activity of product A-I was (20.70±2.06) IU/mL, showing no significant difference compared to previous products. The mean specific activity was (36.53±19.20) IU/mg, significantly higher than before ( P<0.01). The average VWF:Ac/FⅧ:C was 0.43±0.12, indicating a significant decrease compared to previous products ( P<0.000 1). The mean VWF:Ac/VWF:Ag was 0.70±0.16, also significantly lower than before ( P<0.01). Compared with foreign product Wilate®, Chinese products exhibited significantly lower FⅧ specific activity ( P<0.05) and VWF activity ( P<0.000 1). Conclusion Currently, the purity of human plasma-derived FⅧ products in China exceeds the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition), and has significantly improved compared to the past. However, the quality of VWF activity has decreased making these products less suitable for treating von Willebrand disease (VWD). Compared with foreign products, human plasma-derived FⅧ products in China have a greater improvement in both FⅧ purity and VWF activity.

Objective To investigate the present situation of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) testing in blood collection and supply institutions across China and offer insights for decision-making by management authorities. Methods We conducted a literature review, and developed a survey questionnaire based on evidence-based practices. Electronic questionnaires were distributed to 51 blood collection and supply institutions across the country to gather information on ALT testing practices from January 2023 to September 2024. The collected data were systematically analyzed. Results All domestic blood collection and supply institutions have implemented the ALT screening project before blood donation, with a 100% coverage rate of ALT screening before blood donation. The main method for ALT testing before blood donation is dry chemical method (66.62%), while the main method for ALT testing after blood donation is rate method (82.35%). There are differences in the repeatability of the test results. Screening periods of unqualified ALT tests before blood donation varied, ranging from 1 day to 180 days, with a median period of 7 days. The voluntary recall rate after the the shielding period expired was low (39.22%). A significant number of blood donors were eliminated due to failed ALT tests, with nearly 225 000 individuals rejected across 51 institutions during the survey period. Conclusion The current ALT testing criteria exclude a large number of potential blood donors, resulting in unnecessary waste nationwide. Clinical research based on China's specific situation is needed to to evaluate the necessity of the ALT test, consider adjusting the ALT reference range, and optimize blood donation qualifications. Such measures could improve donor participation, reduce blood loss, and ensure the safety and stability of the national blood supply.

Objective To assess the miss detection rate (MDR) and frequency of the D variant among RhD negativeblood donors in Taiyuan. Methods From January 2013 to December 2021, 6 287 RhD negativeblood samples, initially screened, were collected. These samples were further confirmed using the tube antiglobulin test or microcolumn gel card method. RhD genotyping was done on the 17 specimens which showed discrepancies with previous testresults or the manufacturer's specifications for the primary screening reagent. By analyzing the number of D variant donors, blood donations and missed detections, the theoretical MDR and frequency of D variant were calculated in the RhD negativeblood samples from the primary screening. Results Between January 2013 and December 2021, the detection rate of D variant in the 6 287 RhD negative samples (including repeat donors) by preliminary screening was 5.36%（337/6 287）. Statistical analysis of 59 D variant blood donors who donated more than once revealed that theoretically, 5.37% of D variants were missed. Considering the MDR, the theoretical frequency of D variant in the RhD negative population from the preliminary screening was 7.68%. Conclusion Some D variant blood donors were missed in the conventional test. The theoretical MDR and frequency of D variant in the RhD negative samples by primary screening align more closely with the actual situation.

Objective To analyze the serological and molecular biological characteristics of Bweak subtype probands and their families, and to explore the molecular mechanism and genetic characteristics of Bw27 variant. Methods Serological methods were used to detect ABO blood group antigens and antibodies in the proband and family members. Further serological detection was conducted by absorption and elution. Fluorescence PCR was employed for genotyping, and the 6th and 7th exons of the ABO gene were amplified and sequenced. Results The proband's ABO serological test showed inconsistent in p forward and reverse typing, and the absorption and elution test detected weak B antigen on the proband's red blood cells, with a serological phenotype similar to Bel. The genotyping result was B/O1, and gene sequencing revealed a c.905A>G mutation in the 7th exon of the ABO gene, with a genotype of ABO*BW.27/ABO*O.01.01. Pedigree testing results showed that the proband's mother carried the ABO*BW.27 allele, consistent with familial genetic characteristics. Conclusion The c.905A>G mutation in the 7th exon of the ABO gene leads to the substitution of aspartic acid at position 302 with glycine, resulting in weak expression of B antigen, which is a characteristic mutations of ABO*BW.27 that can be distinguished from Bel by gene sequencing. A single nucleotide point mutations can cause specific changes in glycosyltransferase and can be inherited to produce specific serological phenotypes in offspring. Blood types should be comprehensively determined based on serological results with genotyping and DNA sequencing results.

Objective To summarize the treatment experience of allogeneic platelet-rich plasma in patients with exposed opisthenar tendons caused by mannitol extravasation. Methods According to the patient's wound condition, the staged treatment protocol was formulated in patients. RuyiJinhuangsan was applied externally to reduce inflammation and relieve pain in the inflammatory response stage, nano silverion dressing was used to wound packing with the infection control stage to promote exudate drainage and strengthen local infection control, red light therapy can improve local blood circulation, accelerating the absorption of inflammatory substances and reducing pain, and allogeneic platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment was performed to promote wound healing in the wound tendon exposure stage. Results From October 21, 2022 to November 11, 2022, after three PRP applications, and the patient's wound healing time was greatly shortened. Conclusion Allogeneic PRP demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in accelerating wound healing for dorsal hand tendon exposure secondary to mannitol extravasation.

Objective To evaluate the RBC transfusion demand of children with stage Ⅳ high-risk neuroblastoma undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT), as well as to identify increased or prolonged RBC transfusion requirement predictors. Methods This study was a single-center retrospective clinical study, and enrolled 96 children with stage Ⅳ high-risk neuroblastoma who underwent ASCT from January 2019 to May 2024 in our hospital. Relevant clinical data were collected and analyzed, including age, gender, body surface area, hemoglobin level of graft infusion day(d ₀), prophylactic transfusion conditioning regimen, CD34 ⁺ stem cell dose, RBC transfusion requirements during transplantation, and time to transfusion independence, etc. Results All 96 (100%) children were transfused after ASCT. From d ₀ to transfusion independence, median frequency for achieving RBC was 2 (1.25, 3), median of 2 (2,3) units of RBCs was given. RBC transfusions were relatively higher in pseudohealing stage (d ₄~d ₆) and polar stage (d ₇~d ₁₄), were 46.89% and 86.46%, respectively. Median times for achieving RBC transfusion independence was 10(8, 12) days. Multivariate analysis showed that Hb≤90 g/L on d ₀, RBC transfusion within 1 week before ASCT and CD34 ⁺ stem cell dose<4.0×10 ⁶/kg were associated with significantly increased RBC requirements ( P<0.05). Hb≤90 g/L on d ₀ and CD34 ⁺ stem cell dose<4.0×10 ⁶/kg were associated with significantly entailed longer time until RBC independence ( P<0.05). Effects of age, sex, blood group and pretreatment regimen were limited or insignificant ( P>0.05). Conclusion This study for the first time provided quantitative RBC transfusion data after ASCT in pediatric stage Ⅳ high-risk neuroblastoma and identified Hb≤90 g/L on d ₀ and CD34 ⁺ stem cell dose<4.0×10 ⁶/kg were factors predictive of increased transfusions and prolonged transfusion independence.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a severe respiratory infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It can cause multiple system diseases beyond the respiratory system. The phenomenon of cold agglutination in blood can be seen in routine tests or crossmatching in some COVID-19 patients, and it has an increasing trend in the peak epidemic period. This is characterized by increased cold agglutinin titers and blood agglutination, and a few patients develop cold agglutinin syndrome and hemolytic reactions. The cold agglutinin can significantly affect blood routine parameters. A thorough understanding of the mechanism and characteristics of cold agglutination after SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the correction of test results from blood cold agglutination samples, can provide more accurate results for clinical practice. This article will review the relevant research progress on cold agglutination in blood during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Objective This study aimed to establish a visualized tumor-bearing mouse model carrying ovalbumin (OVA) and evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. Methods A lentiviral vector expressing OVA and firefly luciferase (FLUC) genes was constructed via full-length gene synthesis and transduced into B16F10 melanoma cells to generate a stable tumor cell line. The established cells were intraperitoneally injected into C57BL/6J mice to develop an omental transplantation tumor model, with tumor progression monitored using small-animal in vivo imaging. Results Tumors predominantly formed metastatic foci in the omentum, and the number of inoculated tumor cells was significantly correlated with survival duration. OVA-specific DC vaccines were further prepared, revealing that mature DC vaccines markedly suppressed tumor growth, with complete tumor regression observed in some mice, whereas immature DC vaccines exhibited limited efficacy. Conclusion This study successfully established a visualized and quantifiable intraperitoneal omental transplantation tumor model in mice, demonstrating its utility for evaluating the anti-tumor effects of DC vaccines. This model provides a valuable platform for immunotherapy research.

Objective To systematically analyze the risk factors of donation related vasovagal reaction (DRVR) in whole blood donors. Methods This study utilized databases such as PubMed and Web of Science to retrieve research data on the risk factors of DRVR in whole blood donors. Meta-analysis was done using RevMan5.4 software to process the data. Results A total of 24 relevant studies were in the analysis, involving 62 623 blood donors with DRVR. Meta-analysis revealed that first-time donors, female gender, age<25 years old, BMI<18.5, weight<55 kg, pulse rate > 90/min, estimated blood volume<3.5 L, fear emotion, recruitment blood donation and time after eating>4 h were significant risk factors for DRVR. Conclusion There are numerous risk factors for DRVR in blood donors. High risk population should be evaluated and screened in light of these factors, and timely interventions and nursing measures should be implemented to reduce the incidence of DRVR.