成熟红细胞 microRNA是无意义的细胞“遗物”，还是具备生物学功能的活性分子?

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-2587.2026.01.003

临床输血与检验 ›› 2026, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (1): 18-21.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2587.2026.01.003

成熟红细胞 microRNA是无意义的细胞“遗物”，还是具备生物学功能的活性分子?

孙莉萍, 于洋

解放军总医院第一医学中心输血医学科，北京 100853

收稿日期:2025-09-24 发布日期:2026-02-13
通讯作者: 于洋，主要从事单采治疗、野战输血及智能化输血辅助决策系统研究，（E-mail）yuyangpla301@163.com。
作者简介:孙莉萍，主要从事输血医学基础研究，（E-mail）sunlp2012@sina.com。

An Overview of MicroRNA Functions in Mature Red Blood Cells

SUN Liping, YU Yang

Department of Transfusion Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853

Received:2025-09-24 Published:2026-02-13

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 成熟红细胞因缺乏细胞核与蛋白质合成系统，曾被视为不具备功能性RNA的细胞。然而，近年来研究发现其内含有丰富的microRNA（miRNA），其来源与功能成为血液学与分子生物学领域的研究热点。本文从红细胞miRNA的“存在”到“功能”研究范式转变出发，系统评述了其在红系分化、疾病标志物潜力、细胞间通讯机制以及输血医学中的临床意义。红细胞miRNA不仅是红系分化历史的“分子档案”，还可能通过胞外囊泡介导的细胞间通讯参与多种病理生理过程，如疟疾感染、肿瘤微环境调控与红细胞生成的自反馈调节。此外，红细胞miRNA表达谱在血液储存过程中的动态变化，为血液制品质量评估提供了新型分子标志物。未来，结合单细胞测序、空间转录组学等高通量技术，将进一步揭示红细胞miRNA在疾病诊断与治疗中的转化潜力。

关键词: 成熟红细胞, MicroRNA, 胞外囊泡, 生物标志物, 输血医学

Abstract: Mature red blood cells (RBCs), lacking nuclei and protein synthesis systems, were once considered devoid of functional RNA. However, recent studies have revealed abundant microRNAs (miRNAs) within RBCs, making their origin and function a research hotspot in hematology and molecular biology. This article reviews the paradigm shift from the "presence" to the "function" of RBC miRNAs, systematically discussing their roles in erythropoiesis, potential as disease biomarkers, mechanisms of intercellular communication, and clinical significance in transfusion medicine. RBC miRNAs are not merely "molecular archives" of erythroid differentiation but may also participate in various physiological and pathological processes through extracellular vesicle-mediated communication, such as in malaria infection, tumor microenvironment modulation, and self-regulatory feedback in erythropoiesis. Furthermore, dynamic changes in RBC miRNA profiles during blood storage provide novel molecular markers for assessing blood product quality. Future research, integrating high-throughput technologies like single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, will further unveil the translational potential of RBC miRNAs in disease diagnosis and therapy.

Key words: Mature red blood cells, MicroRNA, Extracellular vesicles, Biomarkers, Transfusion medicine

中图分类号:

R457

孙莉萍, 于洋. 成熟红细胞 microRNA是无意义的细胞“遗物”，还是具备生物学功能的活性分子?[J]. 临床输血与检验, 2026, 28(1): 18-21.

SUN Liping, YU Yang. An Overview of MicroRNA Functions in Mature Red Blood Cells[J]. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL TRANSFUSION AND LABORATORY MEDICINE, 2026, 28(1): 18-21.

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成熟红细胞 microRNA是无意义的细胞“遗物”，还是具备生物学功能的活性分子?

An Overview of MicroRNA Functions in Mature Red Blood Cells

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