Objective Through comparative analysis of the domestic and international Haemovigilance (HV) report data, to describe the characteristics of each HV system and the current basic status of blood safety, and to explore the development direction of domestic HV work. Methods The international HV data were obtained from the 2020 annual reports of HV systems in the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Japan, Australia and the United States, and the domestic HV reports were obtained from the 2020 HV report issued by the HV Committee of the Chinese Society of Blood Transfusion (CSBT). Several indicator data of the HV reports were analyzed, including adverse donation reactions, adverse transfusion reactions, transfusion-transmitted infections (TTI), transfusion-related fatalities, and transfusion-related pulmonary complications. Results That the incidences of adverse donation reactions ranged from a low of 0.002 2% (UK) to a high of 3.255 0% (Australia); the incidences of adverse transfusion reactions ranged from a low of 0.014 1% (Germany) to a high of 0.358 0% (France); the incidences of transfusion-transmitted infection from a low of 0.72 ppm (UK) to a high of 14.33 ppm (Australia ); the incidences of transfusion-related fatality range from a low of 0.77 per million (Australia) to a high of 11.47 per million (United Kingdom). Conclusion Blood transfusion is highly safe in countries or regions with well-established and effective HV systems. The differences in the monitoring scope and determination criteria of each HV system make the relevant data show great differences. Compared with international HV systems, domestic HV data are not yet comprehensive, and more complex transfusion adverse reactions such as pulmonary complications are underreported.

Objective To establish a hemovigilance process for adverse reactions of blood donation in one blood center and to evaluate its effect. Methods From January 2018 to December 2021, the hemovigilance process of adverse reactions of blood donation was established in three stages. In stage-I (January-December 2018), a registration form was designed according to the health standard "Guidelines for Classification of Blood Donation Adverse Reactions" (WS/T 551-2017). The information of adverse reactions was recorded in paper form and reported monthly. In stage-II (January 2019 - June 2020), the electronic record form (version 1.0) was used to record the information of adverse reactions. In stage-Ⅲ (July 2020 - December 2021), the electronic record form was upgraded to version 2.0, and the reporting scope, path and responsibility were clarified. Adverse reaction data was included in the monthly management of quality Objectives. This article retrospectively analyzed the management measures adopted in three stages of the established hemovigilance process of adverse reactions. The applicability of the criteria, the feasibility of the reporting path and the monitoring effect were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the hemovigilance process. Results In stage-Ⅰ, 194 cases of adverse reactions were detected, including 187 cases of blood donation related vasovagal reaction (DRVR), one case of hematoma and six cases of citrate reaction. The reported incidence of stage-I was 1.36‰ (194/142 616). 1 726 cases of blood donation adverse reactions were reporteddetected in stage-Ⅱ, including 1 673 cases of onset DRVR, 10 cases of delayed DRVR, 38 cases of hematoma and five cases of citrate reaction. The reported incidence of stage-II was 7.87‰ (1 726/219 419). In stage-Ⅲ, 3 456 cases of blood donation adverse reactions were reported, including 3 348 cases of onset DRVR, 29 cases of delayed DRVR, 34 cases of hematoma, 8 cases of nerve irritation and 37 cases of citrate reaction. The reported incidence was 12.91‰ (3 456/267 740) in stage-III. The reported incidence of the three stages increased gradually, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01, χ²=1 484.10). Conclusion A basic hemovigilance process has been established through 3 stages of development. The management of adverse reactions of blood donation by using electronic record form, clarifying the reporting scope, path and responsibilities of adverse reactions, and incorporating the reporting of adverse reactions into monthly quality Objectives benefits implementation of hemovigilance.

Objective To characterize the hemovigilance work in Fujian Blood Center, to analyze and summarize the characteristics of donors with adverse reactions and the risk factors of adverse donor reactions in hemovigilance process of the center, and to provide data support and scientific basis for effective sentinel surveillance and improvement work to ensure the safety of blood donors. Methods From 2019 to 2021, 238 894 donors with adverse reactions in Fuzhou were enrolled as study subjects to compare the reported incidence and basic information of donors with adverse reactions and the types of adverse reactions in three years. All whole blood donors in 2021 were recruited to analyze the time of occurrence and causative factors of adverse donor reactions, and to conduct multiple logistic regression analysis of risk factors for adverse reactions in donors. Results A total of 8 248 adverse events were reported among 238 894 blood donors in three years, with an overall reported incidence of 3.45% (8 248/238 894) and 98.46% (8 125/8 252) of donation related vasovagal reaction (DRVR) in total adverse donor reactions. The reported incidence of adverse donor reactions was higher in women (4.17%) than in men (2.92%), and higher for the first time (5.38%) than for the second time (1.58%). It was elevated in those who donated at blood donation vehicles (4.39%) compared to medical cabins/warehouses (2.02%) or stations (1.39%). Also, university groups (6.93%) reported higher incidence of adverse reactions than social groups (1.90%) and individuals (1.85%). By analyzing the 3 195 cases of adverse donor reactions reported in 2021, we found that the adverse reactions mainly occurred at the "time of donation", accounting for 70.86% (2 264/3 195), and their primary causative factors were fasting (21.03%), fatigue (19.98%) and stress (12.92%). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that low age (18~22), first-time blood donation, donation at vehicles or by hospital mobilization were risk factors for adverse reactions. Conclusion The reporting criteria, data collection methods, feedback channels and the proportion of group donors in universities will directly affect the reported incidence of donor adverse reactions. In Fuzhou, adverse donor reactions were mainly DRVRs, mostly due to fasting, stress and fatigue. Low age, first time donation, donation vehicle environment, and donation by hospital mobilization were risk factors for adverse donor reactions.

Objective To investigate and analyze the time characteristics of occurrence of blood transfusion adverse reactions during infusion of blood components. Methods A total of 985 cases of acute transfusion reactions (ATRs) reported by sentinel of blood safety monitoring of China Blood Transfusion Association were collected, and incidence rate and time of occurrence were analyzed. Results Among ATRs, the reported incidence of adverse reactions associated with platelet transfusion (6.60‰) was much higher than that associated with red blood cell transfusion (1.64‰) and plasma transfusion (1.25‰). The incidence of allergic reactions from blood components transfused (1.24‰) was higher than that of febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR) (0.63‰) and other reactions. The time of occurrence of transfusion reactions showed right-skewed distribution. The occurrence of adverse reaction of red blood cell transfusion was distributed in the first 140 minutes, accounting for 79.56%, and many adverse reactions still occurred after 180 minutes of transfusion. The adverse reaction of plasma transfusion mainly occurred in the first 60 minutes, accounting for 56.92%. The adverse reaction of platelet transfusion mainly occurred from 20 minutes to 100 minutes, accounting for 80.33%, with the number of cases varied greatly across different time. Allergic reactions occurred rapidly, of which mostly occurred during 30 to 60 minutes after transfusion. FNHTR occurred relatively slowly, and the number of cases of certain blood components transfusion showed peaks at different time periods. Conclusion The incidence of adverse reactions associated with blood component transfusion varied, and the time of occurrence had its own characteristics. Understanding the pattern in occurrence time can guide clinical transfusion practice and fully ensure the safety of blood recipients.

Objective To provide scientific and safe blood transfusion measures for our hospital, we analyzed the adverse reactions of blood transfusion among clinical blood recipients and their related factors. Methods Through the clinical blood transfusion management system, we counted the total number of people who received blood transfusion treatment in our hospital from January 2021 to September 2022. At the same time, we collected the number and types of patients with adverse blood transfusion reactions during this period, and analyzed the relationship between adverse blood transfusion reactions and age, gender, blood transfusion history, blood components transfused, disease types, etc. Results We found that 92 377 people received blood transfusion treatment during this period, and 276 of that experienced adverse transfusion reactions. The total incidence of adverse reactions to blood transfusion was 0.30%, of which the incidence of adverse reactions to platelets was the highest (0.70%), followed by fresh frozen plasma and suspended red blood cells (0.50% and 0.31%). The incidence of non hemolytic febrile reaction of red blood cells, platelets and plasma was 0.11%, 0.05% and 0.004% respectively, and the allergic reaction was 0.06% (red blood cells), 0.64% (platelets) and 0.16% (plasma) respectively. The incidence of non hemolytic febrile reaction of suspended red blood cells (0.23%) was higher than that of leukocyte depleted suspended red blood cells (0.04%). but there was no difference in the incidence of allergic reaction between the two components (0.06% and 0.07%). The incidence of allergic reaction in fresh frozen plasma (0.50%) was higher than that in other plasma products; and the adverse reaction rate of platelet concentrate (0.65%) was higher than that of apheresis platelets (1.09%). The department with the highest incidence of adverse reactions of blood transfusion was the Department of Hematology, followed by the Department of Renal Transplantation. We found that there were statistically significant differences in the incidence of adverse reactions to blood transfusion among patients of different ages, with or without blood transfusion history, and with different blood components, but there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions to blood transfusion among patients of different genders. Conclusion The occurrence of adverse reactions of blood transfusion is related to the blood components of transfusion and the patient's own factors. When applying for blood transfusion, clinicians should integrate multiple factors and select appropriate blood varieties to lower the likelihood of unfavorable blood transfusion reactions; At the same time, the hospital should ameliorate the reporting system of adverse transfusion reactions, strengthen the training of medical staff on transfusion related knowledge, and improve the knowledge of medical workers on reporting adverse transfusion reactions.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of donation related vasovagal reaction (DRVR) by analyzing the plasma levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) in blood donors with DRVR. Methods From January 2021 to May 2022, 83 blood donors with DRVR at China Three Gorges University were enrolled in the DRVR group, and 77 blood donors with no adverse reaction were enrolled in the control group. The plasma ET-1 and NO levels of blood donors were detected by antibody/antigen sandwich ELISA. The data were analyzed by independent sample t test. Results The plasma levels of ET-1 in the DRVR and control groups were 24.3（17.9~34.0）pg/mL,and 20.0（17.9~24.7）pg/m (u=2 400,P<0.05), while the plasma NO contents were 23.8（21.4~28.7）pg/mL, and 25.9（23.3~31.9）pg/mL（u=2 395,P<0.05）. The ET-1/NO values of the two groups were 0.85（0.68~1.1）and 0.79（0.57~0.94）（u=2454,P<0.05）. Conclusion Blood donation stress increases plasma ET-1 level, decreases NO level, and increases ET-1/NO ratio, a phenomenon more evident in blood donors with vasovagal reaction, who have greater psychological pressure resulting from blood donation. The occurrence of donation related vasovagal reaction may be mainly related to the psychological factors regulating blood donors' stress.

Objective To analyze the data based on the haemovigilance of transfusion related adverse events(TRAEs) in our hospital,and to investigate the establishment of haemovigilance system and to evaluate its effectiveness regarding TRAEs at sentinel institutions. Methods In accordance with the Guideline for Haemovigilance (T/CSBT 001-2019),surveillance of TRAEs in the transfusion chain was carried out from 2020 to 2021,and data were retrospectively analyzed. Results TRAE data in the past two years showed that 9 types were added and 8 types were not observed in 2021. The most significant increased rates reported were TS-B01 (χ²=5.49,P=0.02),TS-B05 (χ²=8.46,P<0.01) and TS-F04 (χ²=9.81,P<0.01). The decreased rates were TS-D12 (χ²=4.80,P=0.03) and TS-I06 (χ²=15.07,P<0.01). Within the two years,TRAEs were mainly reported in the "pre-transfusion assessment and transfusion application TS-B" (152 cases,46.63%). While,the proportion of other events changed during the two years. Of which,the proportions of laboratory testing decreased from 17.42% to 6.70% (χ²=9.20,P<0.01),support coverage from 15.91% to 2.58% (χ²=19.02,P<0.01). Whereas the rates of blood transfusion increased from 0.76% to 9.79% (χ²=11.14,P<0.01),post-transfusion disposition and evaluation from 3.03% to 11.86% (χ²=8.05,P<0.01). Adverse events were mainly reported in surgical departments (129 cases,39.57%),with an increasing trend (from 25.76% to 48.97%,χ²=17.70,P<0.01),followed by in transfusion department (73 cases,22.39%) with a decreasing trend (from 33.33% to 14.95%,χ²=15.28,P<0.01). The main causes of adverse events were human errors,among which errors related to physician accounting for 60.12%,followed by errors related to technician accounting for 15.03% with a decreasing trend (from 18.18% to 7.73%,χ²=8.15,P<0.01). Based on blood components transfused,red blood cells transfusion had the highest reported rate accounting for 2.35% and 3.28% respectively. Conclusion The establishment and monitor of haemovigilance for guideline-based clinical transfusion adverse events improved the identification and management of transfusion adverse events. It found the deviation in time and made targeted improvement to achieve continuous improvement of blood transfusion quality and safety.

Objective To analyze the haemovigilance of adverse events in blood establishments conducted by the Working Party on Haemovigilance of the Chinese Society of Blood Transfusion, and to investigate improvement of data application and surveillance of adverse events in blood establishments. Methods A retrospective analysis of the data of adverse events in blood establishments reported by sentinels from 2020~2021 was conducted. Results During last two years, the percentages of adverse events reported by sentinels were 38.71% (24/62) and 25.61% (21/82). Analysis of data completeness showed that only 50% (6/12) of the reported data elements were compliant. In total, 440 and 295 cases were reported each year, and the data belonged to the adverse events analysis accounted for 27.50% (121/440) and 50.85% (150/295), respectively. Reported adverse events mainly occurred during donor counselling and blood collection, with 3 and 4 cases of donors suspected with health risk showing no abnormalities in follow-up, and 28.93% (35/121) and 30.67% (46/150) of the reported cases were controlled due to affected blood quality. Conclusion Haemovigilance provides a basis for the continuous improvement of the quality management system in blood establishment. In order to promote haemovigilance, the definition and standards, identification and management, and data integrity of adverse events in blood establishment requires further training and continuous improvement.

Objective To establish a mouse model of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions (AHTRs) to explore the mechanism and intervention of preventing AHTRs and ensure safety of blood transfusion. Methods In vitro blood compatibility of mice and humans were verified by cross matching testing. Then, the mice model of AHTRs was established by intravenously injecting human O-type plasma into mice. The effectiveness of AHTRs model was verified by routine detection of red blood cell count and morphology in peripheral blood, serological detection of red blood cell sensitization, pathological histological section staining and biochemical analysis of kidney and liver injury levels. Results The mice who received mismatched plasma transfusions developed hematuria. Red blood cell count reduced and morphogenesis deformity occurred. Irregular red blood cell antibodies were positive. The levels of plasma free hemoglobin increased. Free hemoglobin exacerbated liver and kidney injury through blood circulation. Conclusion A mouse model of acute hemolytic transfusion reaction was established successfully.

Objective This study was aimed to investigate the effect of PRF-r on the 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) rat model and explore its possible underlying mechanisms. Methods SD rats (including 10 rats required for PRF-r preparation) were divided into four groups: untreated rats (control group), AD-induced rats (DNCB group), AD-induced rats treated with Mometasone furoate (Mometasone furoate group) and AD-induced rats treated with PRF-r (PRF-r group), with 8 in each group. Non-anticoagulant caudal vein blood of normal rats was extracted to prepare PRF-r. AD was induced in the back of rats by repeated topical administration of DNCB. PRF-r and mometasone furoate groups were treated for 10 consecutive days from the 7th day. Clinical skin scoring was performed on the AD site. AD tissues were stained with hematoxylin eosin (H&E) to observe the pathological changes. Levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and γ-Interferon (IFN-γ) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the sera of rats and by immunohistochemistry at the AD site. Results PRF-r significantly improved the AD-like symptoms, and decreased the dermatitis score compared with the DNCB induced model group(PRF-r group:1.8±0.27, DNCB induced model group: 4.9±0.44). ELISA analysis showed that compared to the serum levels of IFN-γ (140.43±8.21) pg/mL and IL-4 (206.63±2.17) pg/mL in the control group, IFN-γ in the DNCB induced model group was significantly reduced (114.21± 6.67) pg/mL, while IL-4 was increased markedly (221.71±2.58) pg/mL. Meanwhile, Mometasone furoate cream and PRF-r increased the serum level of IFN-γ (127.83±7.59) pg/mL, (145.66±7.92) pg/mL and brought IL-4 back to the normal level (210.45±4.15) pg/mL, (212.26±3.71) pg/mL respectively. Further immunohistochemical testing showed the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 in each group tended to be consistent with those in the sera. Conclusion PRF-r may inhibit DNCB induced AD in rats by regulating Th2 type inflammatory response and Th1/2 cytokine level.

Objective To study the difference of radiosensitivity of lymphocyte subsets in human peripheral venous blood to different irradiation times under the same irradiation dose, and provide a new idea for the treatment of immune diseases. Methods The peripheral blood of volunteers was collected, the peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated and extracted, and irradiated 6 times (50 mGy/time), 3 times (100 mGy/time), and 2 times (150 mGy/time) with a total dose of 300 mGy. The intervals between each irradiation were 24 h, and apoptosis, proliferation, cycle, and cytokines were detected 24 h after the last irradiation of each dose. Results Compared with the control, the apoptosis rate of lymphocytes after irradiation was significantly increased. CD3^-CD56⁺NK>CD3⁺T>CD3^-CD19⁺B cells in the 50 mGy/time group; CD3^-CD56⁺NK>CD3^-CD19⁺B>CD3⁺T cells in 100 mGy and 150 mGy/times groups. After 50 mGy, 100 mGy and 150 mGy/time X-ray irradiation, the proliferation activity of lymphocytes was inhibited; Lymphocytes were blocked in G0/G1 phase. Conclusion The same dose and different low-dose irradiation induced apoptosis treatment mode showed different radiosensitivity to human peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, which could inhibit the proliferation activity and cytokine secretion function of some lymphocytes, and block lymphocytes in G0/G1 phase.

Objective The current study aimed to identify critical genes and pathways in order to unravel the molecular mechanisms associated with Diamond-Blackfan Anemia （DBA）. Method The gene expression profile dataset （GSE14335） was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus （GEO） database. The “limma” package in R software was utilized to identify the differentially expressed oxidative stress associated genes （DE-OSGs）. “Cluster Profiler” package in R software was used for Gene ontology （GO） function analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis of DE-OSGs. Protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed with STRING and hub genes were screened by Cytoscape. Result Totally 372 DEGs, including 40 DE-OSGs, were screened in this study. DE-OSGs were mainly enriched in TNF signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, IL-17 signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The top 10 hub genes of PPI network were IL6, PPARG, CCL2, PTGS2, CXCL8, ICAM1, NFKBIA, EDN1, HMOX1 and CXCL1. Conclusion The present study identified the DE-OSGs and pathways in DBA by bioinformatics analysis, which may provide novel insights for unraveling pathogenesis of DBA. The hub genes might serve as biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To investigate the effect of Qingkailing injections on in vitro model of massive blood loss. Methods Eight apheresis platelets (≥250 mL / sample) collected were equally divided into 2×125 mL. A final concentration of 1% Qingkailing injections (1.25 mL in 125 mL) as the experimental group was stored at 22℃ with constant shaking. The control group did not add Qingkailing injections. The model of massive blood loss in vitro was established by blood dilution method (whole blood:saline =1:9). The thrombelastography（TEG）indexes and blood routine indexes were compared to discuss the correction effect of leukocyte-reduced red blood cells (RBCs), fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets with or without Qingkailing injections in a 1:1:1 ratio on in vitro model of massive blood loss. Results After platelets were stored for 1, 3, and 5 days, Platelets (×10⁹/L) in the experimental group and the control group increased from 19~20 to 68~72 vs. 57~64 (P<0.05), respectively. The TEG-MA value (mm) increased from 9.6~11.4 to 49.1~58.3 vs. 48.1~55.1 (P<0.05), however the TEG-R value (min) decreased from 7.1~8.2 to 3.9~4.6 vs. 3.7~4.0 (P>0.05). After 7~14 days, platelets (×10⁹/L) were corrected from 18 to 56~62, TEG-MA value (mm) from 10.4~12.1 to 43.3~47.9, and TEG-R value (min) was corrected from 8.2~8.9 to 3.6~5.5 (P<0.05). Conclusion In vitro model of massive blood loss could be corrected by leukocyte-reduced red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma and platelets preserved with Qingkailing injections, suggesting that platelets stored for 10 days with Qingkailing injections had a correction effect.

Objective To analyze the high risk factors of massive intraoperative blood transfusion,we summarized the clinical data of pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in a single center. Methods A retrospective analysis of 140 children aged from 3 months to 12 years who underwent living donor liver transplantation in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from June 2018 to December 2021. All patients received intraoperative red blood cell transfusion. According to intraoperative red blood cell transfusion volume, they were divided into massive blood transfusion group (>70 mL/kg,30/140,21.4%) and non-massive transfusion group (≤70 mL/kg,110/140,78.6%). Baseline data, preoperative laboratory parameters and intraoperative variables were compared between the two groups. Results Univariate Logistic analysis showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in weight, PELD score, operation time, total bilirubin, international normalized ratio INR, white blood cells, APTT, TT, and history of upper abdominal surgery (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis using receiver-operating characteristics Characteristic( ROC) curve, and using indices to determine cutoff values found low body weight (<6.35 kg), high PELD score (>9.5), long operation time (>466.5 min) and history of upper abdominal surgery were independent risk factors for massive blood transfusion in children with living donor liver transplantation. The area under the curve (AUC) of the combined four-factors prediction was 0.854, which was more sensitive and specific than the single prediction. Conclusion sChildren with lower preoperative weight,a history of upper abdominal surgery,and a higher pediatric end-stage liver disease model score were more likely to receive intraoperative massive blood transfusion, and increased operation time would further increase the risk of massive blood transfusion. Meanwhile, high preoperative white blood cell count, low coagulation function and high bilirubin are risk factors for massive intraoperative blood transfusion.

Objective To evaluate the safety and feasibility of using a 60 g/L transfusion threshold in hemodynamically stable patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding based on the propensity score matching method. Methods Patients diagnosed as NVUGIB and transfused red blood cells in our hospital from January 2019 to June 2022 were selected for the study, the patients were divided into an observation group (60 g/L transfusion threshold group) and a control group (70 g/L transfusion threshold group) according to the hemoglobin concentration before transfusion. After matching with the 1:2 nearest neighbor matching, the clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results After propensity score matching, 77 patients were successfully matched in the observation group and 121 patients were matched in the control group, there was no significant difference in 30-day mortality (6.5% vs. 4.1%, RR=1.234,95% CI 0.657~2.317, P=0.684) and 30-day rebleeding (7.8% vs. 11.6%, RR=0.859,95% CI 0.629~1.172, P=0.390) between the observation group and the control group in the primary clinical outcomes, the differences in lung infection rate, red blood cell consumption,the difference between Hb concentration before transfusion and after transfusion,and length of hospital stay between the two groups were not significant (P>0.05), the difference of hemoglobin concentration between the two groups after blood transfusion was significant (difference=-6.01,95% CI -7.91~-4.12, P<0.001). Conclusion The clinical outcomes of hemodynamically stable NVUGIB patients who were transfused with a 60 g/L threshold were similar to that of patients with a 70 g/L threshold, it is feasible in clinical practice.

Objective Iron accumulation was related to osteoporosis, diabetes, and other diseases. Men and postmenopausal women were at risk of iron accumulation. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of plasmapheresis donors on serum ferritin (SF) level and iron accumulation rate in the two groups by investigating the status of SF in plasmapheresis donors who were men and postmenopausal women. Methods SF was detected in male and postmenopausal female regular and new plasmapheresis donors recruited according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Regular plasmapheresis donors were taken as the investigation group, and new plasmapheresis donors were taken as the control group. The potential factors that might affect the level of SF were collected. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to correct for confounding factors and compare the difference in SF levels between regular and new plasmapheresis donors. The WHO iron accumulation judgment standard was used to screen the iron accumulation of plasmapheresis donors, and the multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to compare the difference in iron accumulation probability between the regular and the new plasmapheresis donors after correcting for the confounding factors. Since ferritin is mostly found in hemoglobin (Hb), we also measured the Hb level of subjects to explore the effect of plasmapheresis donation on Hb level. Results SF of male regular plasmapheresis donors was 134.78 μg/L (77.57~202.52) and for new plasmapheresis donors was 178.22 μg/L (113.07~269.44). The SF of postmenopausal female regular plasmapheresis donation was 73.26 μg/L (41.54~112.22), 97.26 μg/L (57.94~152.79) for new donors. Multivariate linear regression showed that the SF level of male regular plasmapheresis donors was significantly lower than that of new plasmapheresis donors (P<0.001), and that of postmenopausal female regular plasmapheresis donors was significantly lower than that of new plasmapheresis donors (P=0.001). The iron accumulation rate of male regular plasmapheresis donors was 25.36%, and that of new plasmapheresis donors was 43.72%. The iron accumulation rate of postmenopausal female regular plasmapheresis donation was 4.00%, and that of new plasmapheresis donation was 26.60%. Multivariate logistic regression results showed that the iron accumulation probability of male regular plasmapheresis donors was significantly lower than that of new plasmapheresis donors (OR=0.404, 95% CI: 0.262~0.623, P<0.001), and that of postmenopausal female regular plasmapheresis donors was significantly lower than that of new plasmapheresis donors (OR=0.096, 95% CI: 0.02~0.47, P=0.004). There was no significant difference in Hb levels between regular and new plasmapheresis donors. Conclusion There was a statistically significant correlation between plasmapheresis donation and the reduction of SF level and iron accumulation rate. Whether it could relieve iron accumulation needs further causal inference.

Objective The inventory management of whole blood and RBC components in provincial blood collection and supply institutions from 2014 to 2021 was analyzed and discussed. Methods A retrospective analysis method was used to collect the relevant data of whole blood and RBC component inventory management in provincial blood collection and supply institutions from 2014 to 2021 and conducted statistical analysis. Results The average blood inventory of whole blood and RBC per day was 2 777.0 (1 762.5, 4 240.0) U, which showed an increasing trend year by year. The average days of RBC component were 10.2 (8.1, 14.0) days and showed an increasing trend. Based on economic zone, whole blood release per 1 000 population was the highest in northeast China [0.028 8(0.018 8, 0.045 7) U], and red blood cells is the highest in central China [16.77(13.39, 18.92)U]. 47 (52.2%) of the reported data on the amount of expired RBC components were 0 U. Conclusion There are differences in the management of whole blood and RBC component blood inventory in Chinese provincial blood collection and supply institutions, and the management level needs to be further improved.

Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics of HLA-A and -B loci and HPA-1~6w, 10w, 15, and 21w polymorphisms in regular platelet donors in Nanjing area, and to evaluate the minimum capacity of the regular platelet donor gene database. Methods Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to genotype for HLA A, -B loci and HPA-1~6w, 10w, 15, 21w genes in blood samples of 1 059 platelet regular donors in Nanjing area, and the allele frequency, HLA haplotype frequency and HPA combination frequency were calculated, and based on these data, the storage capacity level was evaluated. Results Among the 1 059 regular platelet donors, a total of 15 alleles in HLA-A loci were detected, of which A*02, A*11, A*24, A*33, A*30 had higher frequencies; 29 alleles in HLA-B loci were detected, of which B*15, B*40, B*13, B*46, B*51, B*58 had higher allele frequencies; 269 HLA-A-B haplotypes were found, and 22 had frequencies >0.01, of which A*02-B*15 and A*30-B*13 were the top two highest frequencies. Among the HPA-1~6w, 10w, 15, and 21w , the HPA-1, 2, 4, 5, 6w, and 21w were dominated by aa genotypes, and bb was not detected in HPA-1, 4, 5, 6w, and 21 w; HPA-3 and HPA-15 have high heterozygosity; a total of 59 HPA combinations were detected, and the highest one was 1aa-2aa-3ab-4aa-5aa-6aa-10aa-15ab-21aa. In the genetic database of 1 059 donors established in this region, 88.97% of the patients could search ≥1 HLA-A, B matched donor in this database. It was deduced by calculation that when the number of platelet donors was 213, 95% of the patients could search at least one HPA-1~6w, 10w, 15, 21w compatible donor. Conclusion The distribution of HLA and HPA genotypes of platelet regular donors in Nanjing area has unique polymorphism in this region. The gene database of 1059 individuals established in this study can basically meet the need of seeking HLA and HPA compatible donors for patients with ineffective platelet transfusion in this region.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of thalidomide combined with a second-line regimen in the treatment of patients with relapsed and refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and its effect on Th1/Th2 cytokines. Methods From January 2016 to March 2021, 86 patients with relapsed and refractory ITP admitted to Bozhou people's Hospital were enrolled and randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 43 patients in each group. The control group was treated with dexamethasone and rituximab, and the observation group was given thalidomide orally on top of the control group regimen. The curative effect was evaluated at 12 weeks of treatment in both groups. The changes in bleeding score, platelet count (PLT), Th1 cytokine [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2)] and Th2 cytokine [interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10)] levels were compared before treatment and at 12 weeks of treatment. Results The total effective rate of treatment in the observation group was 93.02%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (72.09%) (P<0.05). At 12 weeks of treatment, the bleeding scores of both groups were lower than before treatment (P<0.05), and the bleeding scores of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.001); the PLT count of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.001); the serum TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2 levels of both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.001); serum IL-4 and IL-10 levels were significantly higher than before treatment (P<0.05), and the observation group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion Thalidomide combined with the second-line regimen has a significant clinical effect in the treatment of patients with relapsed and refractory ITP, which can regulate the levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines.

People are at increased risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases with age. Ingredient in young blood have become a new area of research for human longevity, disease treatment and prevention. In this paper, we carried out a detailed literature review for the effects of young blood on brain nerve, blood vessels, pancreas, liver, bone and the related mechanisms of application in old mice, so as to provide a reference value for the future of anti-aging research of young plasma in human.

Apheresis donation is an important source of clinical blood and raw materials for blood products. Changes in electrolyte levels and loss of blood components caused by long-term apheresis donation are related to bone density and bone metabolism. Therefore, there is growing concern about whether apheresis donation as a mode of behavior has any impact on bone metabolism and bone density. In this paper, the correlation of apheresis donation with bone metabolism and bone density as well as the potential mechanisms are summarized and discussed from the three aspects of calcium balance, iron metabolism and lipid metabolism, in order to provide a basis for ensuring the health and safety of component blood donors.