In May 2025, the Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies (AABB) and the International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines (ICTMG) jointly released the updated Guidelines for Platelet Transfusion. Based on 21 Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) and 13 high-quality observational studies, the guideline adopted the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system for evidence analysis, and established the "restrictive platelet transfusion strategy" as the core, aiming to promote the standardization and homogenization of global platelet transfusion practices. The guideline has a wide scope of application, covering different populations such as adults, children, and neonates, including patients with hematological diseases, stem cell transplant recipients, perioperative patients, dengue fever patients, and those undergoing invasive procedures. It sets minimal important differences (MIDs) thresholds for three key outcomes—mortality (2%), grade 2-4 bleeding (20%), and grade 3-4 bleeding (5%)—for evidence certainty grading. In terms of key recommendations, it clarifies strong recommendations with high/moderate certainty of evidence (e.g., transfusion for patients with non-bleeding thrombocytopenia undergoing chemotherapy or allogeneic stem cell transplantation when platelet count<10×10 ⁹/L; transfusion for neonates with consumptive thrombocytopenia without severe bleeding when count<25×10 ⁹/L; no transfusion for dengue fever patients without major bleeding, etc.) and conditional recommendations with low/very low certainty of evidence (e.g., conditional non-recommendation of prophylactic transfusion for adult patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation; conditional transfusion for adult patients undergoing central venous catheterization when count<10×10 ⁹/L, etc.). Meanwhile, it elaborates on common platelet transfusion reactions and their risks, such as allergic reactions, febrile reactions, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). By lowering transfusion thresholds and refining risk stratification, the guideline can reduce unnecessary transfusions and related adverse reactions, and alleviate the shortage of platelet resources. In the future, it is necessary to further supplement evidence-based evidence in fields such as cardiopulmonary bypass and interventional radiology, and explore technologies like in vitro induced differentiation of platelets and universal engineered platelets to optimize transfusion practices.

Blood collection and supply institutions, as critical public health entities for collecting and supplying l blood products, face occupational exposure risks to blood-borne pathogens during donor recruitment, physical examinations, blood collection, component preparation, and laboratory testing. This study focuses on the establishment and improvement of IPC mechanism by investigating the current status of infection prevention and control (IPC) management in these institutions, analyzing existing problems and vulnerabilities, drawing on healthcare facilities management models and experience. It has a positive role in standardizing and enhancing IPC measures in blood collection and supply institutions, aim to safeguard the safety of donors, staff and blood products.

Occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI), characterized by extremely low viral loads and the persistent latency of intrahepatic cccDNA, poses a profound challenge to global public health security. Its prevention and control have long been constrained by the sensitivity limitations of conventional diagnostic methods, highlighting the urgent need for technological breakthroughs. Emerging detection technologies are driving progress from multiple perspectives: droplet digital PCR enables ultra-sensitive quantification through micro-compartmentalized amplification; CRISPR-Cas systems coupled with isothermal amplification are advancing the development of point-of-care diagnostics; third-generation sequencing technologies open new dimensions for viral genome analysis; and nanomaterial-mediated signal amplification mechanisms are reshaping screening models at the primary-care level. This review summarizes recent advances in OBI diagnostic technologies, provides a comprehensive analysis of their advantages, limitations, and transfusion-related applications, and offers recommendations to support improved OBI risk control in blood transfusion and the development of novel diagnostic strategies tailored to China's national context.

Objective The changes in the main functional components of human plasma-derived factor Ⅷ (FⅧ)products in China in recent years were analyzed to provide a reference for the development of plasma protein products, improvement of the preparation processes of plasma-derived FⅧ, and their clinical application. Methods Nine commercially available FⅧ products (A-I) from Chinese manufacturers were dissolved according to the instructions. Protein concentration was measured using the BCA method, FⅧ activity was determined by a one-stage method, VWF activity and VWF antigen were assessed by immunoturbidimetry. The specific activity of FⅧ, the ratio of VWF:Ac/FⅧ:C and VWF:Ac/VWF:Ag were calculated and compared with products produced between 2015 and 2017 (a-g). The changes of main functional components of FⅧ were analyzed. Results The average FⅧ activity of product A-I was (20.70±2.06) IU/mL, showing no significant difference compared to previous products. The mean specific activity was (36.53±19.20) IU/mg, significantly higher than before ( P<0.01). The average VWF:Ac/FⅧ:C was 0.43±0.12, indicating a significant decrease compared to previous products ( P<0.000 1). The mean VWF:Ac/VWF:Ag was 0.70±0.16, also significantly lower than before ( P<0.01). Compared with foreign product Wilate®, Chinese products exhibited significantly lower FⅧ specific activity ( P<0.05) and VWF activity ( P<0.000 1). Conclusion Currently, the purity of human plasma-derived FⅧ products in China exceeds the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition), and has significantly improved compared to the past. However, the quality of VWF activity has decreased making these products less suitable for treating von Willebrand disease (VWD). Compared with foreign products, human plasma-derived FⅧ products in China have a greater improvement in both FⅧ purity and VWF activity.

Aging is a multifactorial, system-wide process of functional decline and is a major risk factor for various chronic diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. In recent years, the use of blood and blood-derived products as potential anti-aging therapies has attracted considerable attention. Studies suggest that growth factors, cytokines, and small-molecule metabolites in young blood components exhibit significant tissue repair and anti-aging effects, promoting neurogenesis, enhancing cellular regeneration, and regulating metabolic homeostasis, thereby improving health in older individuals. Young plasma has been found to reverse neurological decline, improve cardiovascular function, reduce liver fibrosis, and enhance kidney function, showing anti-aging potential across various organs. Current clinical trials of young plasma focus on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, demonstrating safety and good tolerance in small-scale studies. However, the long-term efficacy and safety of this therapy remain to be validated, and ethical and resource considerations require careful evaluation. This review summarizes research progress on blood and blood-derived products as anti-aging therapies, with a focus on their regenerative effects on the nervous, cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal systems/organs, and consolidates findings from related clinical trials to support further clinical applications in anti-aging interventions.

The ABO blood group system is a crucial component of blood transfusion. Attenuation or absence of ABO antigens on red blood cells is occasionally observed, posing significant challenges to blood group determination. The occurrence of such phenomena may be associated with physiological, genetic, or pathological factors. The underlying causes and mechanisms of weakened or absent ABO antigens are highly complex; recent studies have primarily focused on variations within the ABO gene coding region, promoter region, untranslated regions at the 5' and 3' ends, as well as intronic regions. This article provides an analytical summary of the potential causes and mechanisms underlying the attenuation or absence of ABO blood group antigens, offering a theoretical basis for accurate identification of complex blood groups, enriching the research on ABO blood group variants in the Chinese population, and ensuring the safety and effectiveness of clinical transfusion practice.

Pre-clinical blood transfusion testing in medical institutions is the most crucial inspection link in the clinical blood transfusion process. High-quality clinical pre-transfusion detection techniques and capabilities can minimize the risk of adverse reactions to blood transfusion to the greatest extent. Since the test results before clinical blood transfusion are the definitive diagnosis for the recipient (patient), whether the safety and effectiveness of blood transfusion can be ensured often depends on the accuracy and timeliness of the test results. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety and effectiveness of clinical blood transfusion, and to safeguard people's health and social stability, the expert consensus group has gathered experts and scholars in the field of clinical blood transfusion medicine and related disciplines in China. They have combined national laws and regulations, standardized documents, national health standards related to blood transfusion, and research results related to clinical blood transfusion to formulate this expert consensus. The aim is to further standardize the use of key equipment and reagents for pre-transfusion testing in the blood transfusion department (blood bank), as well as the detection capabilities of personnel.

Objective To assess the miss detection rate (MDR) and frequency of the D variant among RhD negativeblood donors in Taiyuan. Methods From January 2013 to December 2021, 6 287 RhD negativeblood samples, initially screened, were collected. These samples were further confirmed using the tube antiglobulin test or microcolumn gel card method. RhD genotyping was done on the 17 specimens which showed discrepancies with previous testresults or the manufacturer's specifications for the primary screening reagent. By analyzing the number of D variant donors, blood donations and missed detections, the theoretical MDR and frequency of D variant were calculated in the RhD negativeblood samples from the primary screening. Results Between January 2013 and December 2021, the detection rate of D variant in the 6 287 RhD negative samples (including repeat donors) by preliminary screening was 5.36%（337/6 287）. Statistical analysis of 59 D variant blood donors who donated more than once revealed that theoretically, 5.37% of D variants were missed. Considering the MDR, the theoretical frequency of D variant in the RhD negative population from the preliminary screening was 7.68%. Conclusion Some D variant blood donors were missed in the conventional test. The theoretical MDR and frequency of D variant in the RhD negative samples by primary screening align more closely with the actual situation.

The big data of unexpected red blood cell antibody and Rh blood group distribution in Chinese population shows that the proportion of anti-RhCE antibody (41.94%) is 4.7 times higher than that of anti-RhD antibody (8.93%) among unexpected antibodies in hospitalized patients. In random blood transfusion, the probability of RhCE antigen mismatch (25.16%) is 51.4 times higher than that of RhD antigen mismatch (0.49%). These data indicate that RhCE antigen mismatch is the main risk for Chinese transfusion patients, and establishing RhCE antigen matching transfusion strategies suitable for Chinese patients is crucial for transfusion safety.

Objective To investigate the present situation of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) testing in blood collection and supply institutions across China and offer insights for decision-making by management authorities. Methods We conducted a literature review, and developed a survey questionnaire based on evidence-based practices. Electronic questionnaires were distributed to 51 blood collection and supply institutions across the country to gather information on ALT testing practices from January 2023 to September 2024. The collected data were systematically analyzed. Results All domestic blood collection and supply institutions have implemented the ALT screening project before blood donation, with a 100% coverage rate of ALT screening before blood donation. The main method for ALT testing before blood donation is dry chemical method (66.62%), while the main method for ALT testing after blood donation is rate method (82.35%). There are differences in the repeatability of the test results. Screening periods of unqualified ALT tests before blood donation varied, ranging from 1 day to 180 days, with a median period of 7 days. The voluntary recall rate after the the shielding period expired was low (39.22%). A significant number of blood donors were eliminated due to failed ALT tests, with nearly 225 000 individuals rejected across 51 institutions during the survey period. Conclusion The current ALT testing criteria exclude a large number of potential blood donors, resulting in unnecessary waste nationwide. Clinical research based on China's specific situation is needed to to evaluate the necessity of the ALT test, consider adjusting the ALT reference range, and optimize blood donation qualifications. Such measures could improve donor participation, reduce blood loss, and ensure the safety and stability of the national blood supply.

Objective To investigate the treatment and the changes of T lymphocytes before and after transplantation in a child of immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial abnormal syndrome type 2 caused by the ZBTB24 gene mutation. Methods The clinical manifestations, laboratory indicators, genetic test results, the process of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, post-transplantation genetic verification results and follow-up were retrospectively analyzed. T lymphocytes and immunoglobulin before and after transplantation were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results This case is the first child with ICF syndrome type 2 in China to undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. After transplantation, granulocyte engraftment occurred at +11 d and platelet engraftment at +34 d. Laboratory tests at +70 days showed normal expression of IgA, IgG, and IgM. At +177 days, the absolute count of lymphocyte subsets indicated that T lymphocytes had returned to normal. The primary pulmonary infection was controlled, and the viral infection turned negative. No new infections were observed during one-year follow-up. Before transplantation, T lymphocytes count and immunoglobulin expression were significantly decreased, and returned to normal after transplantation. Conclusion The possibility of immunodeficiency caused by gene mutation should be considered for children with recurrent infection at early age, accompanied by facial abnormalities, growth and/or intellectual developmental delay. And timely ICF gene testing should be tested. For those with severe combined immunodeficiency, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should be performed as early as possible.

Logic is a fundamental element of academic papers, significantly influencing their quality and the likelihood of successful submission. Present throughout every section of a paper, logic plays a crucial role—from clarifying concepts and constructing rigorous arguments to formulating valid conclusions. This article explores the essence of logical thinking and incorporates practical case studies to analyze key aspects such as concept clarity, argument rigor, scientific reasoning, and presentation standardization. By combining theoretical discussion with case analysis, the article highlights the pivotal role of logical rigor in determining the overall quality of academic papers. Enhancing logical reasoning skills, standardizing the argumentation process, ensuring consistency between premises and conclusions, and adopting concise and clear writing based on logical principles are essential strategies for improving a paper's credibility and scientific impact.

Platelet products are crucial components in clinical blood transfusion. However, their storage under conventional conditions (22±2) ℃ is prone to bacterial contamination, which poses a risk of sepsis and constitutes one of the core challenges to blood transfusion safety. This review aims to summarize the research progress of bacterial detection technologies for platelets. First, the article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of traditional detection methods represented by automated microbial culture systems, as well as the performance merits and demerits of various emerging technologies, including nucleic acid amplification technology, immunoassay, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, metagenomics, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and nanobiosensors. Subsequently, it elaborates on the core challenges currently faced and provides an outlook on future development trends.Ultimately, this review intends to offer a scientific basis for establishing a more comprehensive quality and safety assurance system for platelets.

Objective To investigate the molecular mechanisms of weak antigen expression by genetic blood typing. Methods We performed serological investigations in voluntary blood donation samples collected between January 2023 and December 2024. Third-generation single-molecule sequencing technology was employed in 7 samples with discrepant results in forward and reverse ABO phenotyping. Results Six cases serologically defined as AB ₃ were found to be associated with ABO*A1.02/ABO*B.var (c.28+5885C>T), and one case defined as B _weak with ABO*B.var/ABO*O.01.02 (c.28+5875C>T). Conclusion Sequencing revealed that point mutations occurred in the binding region of the RUNX1 transcriptional regulatory protein in 7 cases, providing a molecular basis for the study of weakened antigen expression.

Objective To understand the distribution of RhD, C, c, E and e antigens among Chinese people in China, and to explore the genetic relationships of Rh blood type distribution across different regions and ethnic groups. Methods Data on the distribution of RhD, C, c, E, and e antigens from 1 048 519 Chinese individuals across 34 provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and autonomous regions were collected for population genetic analysis. The maximum likelihood method was used to calculate the Rh gene frequency and haplotype frequency. The reliability of the data was evaluated by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium fit test. Results The distribution of Rh blood type in 34 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions and 16 ethnic groups in China was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The allele frequencies of RHD and RHCE, as well as the Rh haplotype frequencies, were associated with the subjects' place of origin. Among northerners and southerners, the RhD-positive rates were 99.55% and 99.61% respectively, and the RhD-negative rates were 0.45% and 0.39% respectively. The frequencies of DCe haplotype with Asian characteristics were 0.625 9 and 0.683 5, and the frequencies of the RHCE*Ce allele were 0.641 6 and 0.701 4, respectively. Conclusion The data analyzed in this report were collected nationwide using uniform standards, with over one million subjects examined. The derived data obtained through analysis can be used as control data for various regions in China and used in disease association studies, anthropological studies, and transfusion medicine research.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a severe respiratory infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It can cause multiple system diseases beyond the respiratory system. The phenomenon of cold agglutination in blood can be seen in routine tests or crossmatching in some COVID-19 patients, and it has an increasing trend in the peak epidemic period. This is characterized by increased cold agglutinin titers and blood agglutination, and a few patients develop cold agglutinin syndrome and hemolytic reactions. The cold agglutinin can significantly affect blood routine parameters. A thorough understanding of the mechanism and characteristics of cold agglutination after SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the correction of test results from blood cold agglutination samples, can provide more accurate results for clinical practice. This article will review the relevant research progress on cold agglutination in blood during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Dengue fever caused by mosquito-borne viruses is spreading rapidly around the world, mainly in tropical, subtropical countries. In recent years, dengue fever has expanded epidemic trend in our country, now there are also studies showing that dengue fever can be transmitted through blood transfusion, which not only poses a serious threat to public health, but also poses a potential risk to the safety of blood transfusion. This article reviews the biological characteristics, epidemiology, transmission routes, clinical symptoms, detection methods, blood transfusion safety status, blood transfusion prevention, control strategies of dengue fever.

Tissue regeneration is a central objective in the field of regenerative medicine and is currently confronted with pivotal bottlenecks such as low survival of transplanted cells, limited functionality, and an imbalanced microenvironment. The combination of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offers a new strategy to address these challenges through multi-pathway synergism that optimizes the microenvironment. The growth factors abundant in PRP can significantly enhance MSC survival and function, exhibiting synergistic effects in the repair of various tissue injuries. This article systematically elaborates on the molecular mechanisms by which PRP regulates MSC function, the research progress of the combined therapy in animal models, and the current status of clinical application, with the aim of providing novel theoretical foundations and practical directions for tissue-regenerative treatment.

Objective This survey aims to comprehensively and systematically analyze the positive rate of unexpected red cell antibodies and the distribution characteristics of specific antibodies in the Chinese population. This study aims to provide data support for screening unexpected antibodies and for determining the spectrum of cell antigen composition in China. Methods Research literature on unexpected antibodies in hospitalized patients and blood donors across 31 provinces and municipalities in China was searched in PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and other authoritative databases from 1981 to December 2023. The literature was screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, data extraction was performed, and a quality assessment was conducted. Results The positive rate of unexpected red cell antibodies in hospitalized patients was 0.47%. The rate in blood donors was 0.10%. The rate in hospitalized mothers was 0.71%. The rate in blood transfusion patients was 1.22%, and the rate in pregnant women was 0.91%. The positive rate in blood transfusion/pregnancy was 1.15%. The proportion of specific antibodies in hospitalized patients is in the following order: Rh>MNS>Lewis>Kidd>Duffy>Xg>ABO subtype>I>Diego>P>Kell>Lutheran>H; the proportion of specific antibodies in blood donors is in the following order: MNS>Rh>Lewis>P>ABO subtype>I>Kell>Kidd>Diego>Duffy>Lutheran>H; the proportion of specific antibodies in pregnant and postpartum women is in the following order: Rh>MNS>Lewis>Kidd>P>H>Duffy>I>Diego. The composition proportion of specific antibodies in hospitalized patients is in the following order: anti-E>anti-M>anti-D>anti-Ec>anti-Le ^a>anti-C>anti-c>anti-Jk ^a>anti-Ce>anti-Le ^b, the composition proportion of specific antibodies in blood donors is in the following order: anti-M>anti-E>anti-P1>anti-D>anti-Le ^a>anti-Le ^b>anti-C>anti-N>anti-I>anti-A1; the composition proportion of specific antibodies in pregnant and postpartum women is in the following order: anti-E>anti-M>anti-D>anti-C>anti-Le ^a>anti-Ec> anti-EC>anti-P1. Conclusion The positive rate of unexpected antibodies in hospitalized patients in China is significantly higher than that in blood donors, and the distribution characteristics of specific antibodies vary among different populations and regions.

Objective To evaluate the RBC transfusion demand of children with stage Ⅳ high-risk neuroblastoma undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT), as well as to identify increased or prolonged RBC transfusion requirement predictors. Methods This study was a single-center retrospective clinical study, and enrolled 96 children with stage Ⅳ high-risk neuroblastoma who underwent ASCT from January 2019 to May 2024 in our hospital. Relevant clinical data were collected and analyzed, including age, gender, body surface area, hemoglobin level of graft infusion day(d ₀), prophylactic transfusion conditioning regimen, CD34 ⁺ stem cell dose, RBC transfusion requirements during transplantation, and time to transfusion independence, etc. Results All 96 (100%) children were transfused after ASCT. From d ₀ to transfusion independence, median frequency for achieving RBC was 2 (1.25, 3), median of 2 (2,3) units of RBCs was given. RBC transfusions were relatively higher in pseudohealing stage (d ₄~d ₆) and polar stage (d ₇~d ₁₄), were 46.89% and 86.46%, respectively. Median times for achieving RBC transfusion independence was 10(8, 12) days. Multivariate analysis showed that Hb≤90 g/L on d ₀, RBC transfusion within 1 week before ASCT and CD34 ⁺ stem cell dose<4.0×10 ⁶/kg were associated with significantly increased RBC requirements ( P<0.05). Hb≤90 g/L on d ₀ and CD34 ⁺ stem cell dose<4.0×10 ⁶/kg were associated with significantly entailed longer time until RBC independence ( P<0.05). Effects of age, sex, blood group and pretreatment regimen were limited or insignificant ( P>0.05). Conclusion This study for the first time provided quantitative RBC transfusion data after ASCT in pediatric stage Ⅳ high-risk neuroblastoma and identified Hb≤90 g/L on d ₀ and CD34 ⁺ stem cell dose<4.0×10 ⁶/kg were factors predictive of increased transfusions and prolonged transfusion independence.